Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus

Viral, parasitic, and bacterial infections have been linked to cancer (Table 9). DNA viruses such as Epstein-Barr, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, papillomaviruses, and Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus and RNA viruses such as human T-cell leukemia virus type I and human immunodeficiency virus have been implicated in causing cancer in humans and are listed as known-to-cause-cancer in humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC). In man, the liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, is associated with the development of cholangiocarcinomas of the liver and the blood fluke. Schistosoma haematobium, with carcinoma of the urinary bladder. There is evidence that chronic Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach in man is not only related to... 

IARC, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi s sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpes virus 8IARC Press, Lyon, France, 1997. 

HHV-8 has been isolated from Kaposi s sarcomas of AIDS patients. This Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) produces chemokine-like gene products called vMIP-I and vMIP-II (Table 8). 

Epidemiological evidence points to a connection between long-term inflammation and the development of cancer that is characterized by dysplasia, hyperplasia, and sometimes irreversible cancer transformations. Nearly 15% of worldwide cancer incidence in humans is associated with microbial infection (Kuper et al. 2002). Chronic infections, with human papilloma virus or with hepatitis B or C viruses in immunocompetent human hosts, can lead to cervical and hepatocellular carcinomas, respectively. Infection with the human herpes virus can produce Kaposi s sarcoma in the skin. Karposi s cancers are seen more often in the IDS-compromised AIDS patients. After protracted inflammation, Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach irrita-... 

PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA " A neoplasm induced by human herpes virus 8 (Kaposi s sarcoma-associated... 

Nador RG, Cesarman E, Chadburn A, et al. Primary effusion lymphoma a distinct clinicopathologic entity associated with the Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpes virus. Blood. 1996 88(2) 645-656. 

Cesarman E, Chang Y, Moore PS, et al. Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpes virus-like DNA sequencing in age-related body cavity lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 1995 332 1186-1191. 

Patel RM, Goldblum JR, His ED. Immunohistochemical detection of human herpes virus-8 latent nuclear antigen-1 is useful in the diagnosis of Kaposi s sarcoma. Mod Pathol. 2004 17 456-460. 

Jensen, K.K., D.J. Manfra, M.G. Grisotto, A.P. Martin, G. Vassileva, K. Kelley, T.W. Schwartz, and S.A. Lira. The human herpes virus 8-encoded chemokine receptor is required for angioproliferation in a murine model of Kaposi s sarcoma. J Immunol 174 3686-94, 2005. 

Sodhi A. The Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpes virus G protein-coupled receptor up-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression and secretion through mitogen-activated protein kinase and p38 pathways acting on hypoxia-inducible factor lalpha. Cancer Res 2000 60(l7) 4873-80. 

Brander C, Suscovich T, Lee Y, Nguyen PT, O Connor P, Seebach J, Jones NG, van Gorder M, Walker BD, Scadden DT (2000) Impaired CTL recognition of cells latently infected with Kaposi s sarcoma-associated herpes virus. J Immunol 165 2077-2083... 

Nowadays, it is estimated that approximately 20 % of all cancers worldwide are associated with infections. First and foremost, a number of different viruses are of importance like the Epstein-Barr virus (Burkitt lymphoma, naso-pharyn-geal cancer), the human herpes virus type 8, the human papilloma virus, the hepatitis-B- and -C-viruses, and above all, the human immunodeficiency virus (Kaposi sarcoma). The bacterium Helicobacter pylori is the leading contributor to stomach cancer. Parasites, like the flatworm Schistosoma haematobium (the cause of biUiarzia or snail fever) lead in Egypt to an increased incidence of bladder cancer, and types of liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis) are important risk factors, particularly in south-east Thailand and in southern China, for the appearance of Cholangio carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. [296]... 

Human herpes virus 8 Castlemans disease Kaposi s sarcoma Body cavity lymphoma... 

According to the CDC, the diagnosis of AIDS constitutes certain opportunistic infections, neoplasms, encephalopathy or wasting syndrome in the presence of HIV infection. In 1993, the CDC expanded the criteria to also include CD4+ T-cell count below 200 cells/p,l in the presence of HIV infection. The most common opportunistic infections includepneumocystis carinii pneumonia, pneumonitis, toxoplasmosis, mycobacterial disease, recurrent herpes simplex virus infection and/or cytomegalovirus infection. Kaposi s sarcoma is the most common form of cancer. HIV-related nervous system diseases include acute septic meningitis, AIDS dementia complex, subacute encephalitis, HIV encephalopathy and CNS opportunistic infections and neoplasm. 

A particular hepatotropicity causing severe herpes hepatitis is ascribed to herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). There have even been reports of a fulminant course with this virus infection. (18, 23, 35) HHV-8 causes Kaposi s sarcoma. The liver is the most common site, with dark reddish-violet tumour nodes. Histological analysis reveals endothelial cell proliferations and growths of spindle-shaped fibroblast-like cells. The bile ducts may be altered. Transaminase levels are elevated, and jaundice occurs. There may be a causal relationship between HHV-8 infection and multicentric Castlemans disease. The latter usually implies the presence of peliosis hepatis, perisi-nusoidal fibrosis and nodular regenerative hyperplasia. 

In a chapter Infection Unmasked, Drexler first underscores the point that some 70% of all deaths are due to lingering or chronic illnesses rather than to the abrupt severity of acute afflictions. Furthermore, there is the statement that today, a growing number of researchers claim that these disabling conditions may be caused by infection. Thus, more than 90% of cervical cancer cases are caused by the human papillomavirus, and more than 60% of liver cancer cases result from the hepatitis B virus. The retrovirus HTLV-1 is the precursor for adult T cell lymphoma, with the cancerous condition occurring decades after the infection. The Epstein-Barr virus, a herpes-type virus causing mononucleosis, also has an effect on people with malaria, producing a cancer known as Burkitt s lymphoma, the leading cause of childhood cancer deaths worldwide. Kaposi s sarcoma, known as a comphcation of AIDS, is said to be caused by human herpesvirus 8. 

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