Herpes simplex virus extracts

Catechins and proanthocyanidins have a documented antiviral activity. Catechins from an extract of Cocos nucifera husk fibre exhibited a strong inhibitory activity against acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-l-ACVr) [62]. The use of 10 to 20ngml of ECG and EGCG has been reported to cause 50% inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase [89], while Kara and Nakayama [90] reported that a patented chewing gum containing tea catechins is claimed to prevent viral infections against influenza and to inhibit dissemination of this virus. 

Sapp. Effect of tar condensate from smoking tobacco and water-extract of snuff on the oral mucosa of mice with latent herpes simplex virus. Arch Oral Biol 1987 32(1) 47-53. 

Hirsch, J. M., B. Svennerholm, and A. Vahlne. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication by tobacco extracts. 

The CAP have been reported to inhibit HIV type 1 (HIV-1) integrase and HIV-1 replications at concentrations as low as 10 p,M (McDougall et al., 1998 King et al., 1999 Reinke et al., 2002). Cichoric acid inhibited 50% of the integrase activity and blocked HIV-1 infections by 50% at concentrations of 0.3 and 4 p,M, respectively (Robinson et al., 1996a,b). Hexane extracts of Echinacea roots were found to have antiviral activity against the Herpes simplex virus type 1 at a 0.12 mg/ml concentration (Binns et al., 2002d). 

Binns, S., Hudson, J., Merali, S., and Arnason, J. 2002d. Antiviral activity of characterized extracts from Echinacea spp. (Heliantheae Asteraceae) against Herpes simplex virus (HSV-I). Planta Med. 68, 780-783. 

Some fatty acids, especially unsaturated fatty acids, are well-known skin penetration enhancers. It is also known that many fatty acids possess antimicrobial activity. The topical activity of the anti-viral drug acyclovir is hampered by its inadequate permeability through the skin barrier. Some reports have shown that fatty acid extract of cod liver oil as well as the extract in the form of an ointment show effective antiviral properties against herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) (37). 

Antiviral activity has been demonstrated mainly for A. membranaceus, that represents the most studied species, expecially against Coxsackie viruses [234] but also against different kinds of viral infections. "Astragali radix" extracts show protective effects against Japanese Encephalitis Vitus (JEV) infection in mice both by oral and infraperitoneal injection this effect is based on a non-specific mechanism during the early stage of injection, before it shifts to antibody production. A. membranaceus (AM) shows curative effects on the mice infected with Herpes Simplex Virus type-1 (HSV-1) when somministated with acyclovir (ACV) [329]. The anti-HSV activity of suppository and ointment forms of AM combined... 

Eight different varieties of Echinacea were found to have antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Type I in vitro. The two most potent inhibitors found were ethanol extracts of E. pallida var. sanguinea and n-hexane extracts of E. purpurea (13). 

The formation of plaques by Herpes simplex virus Type 2 in embryonic fibroblasts was dose-dependently inhibited by a rosemary extract (2-100 pg/ml). The antiviral activity was further tested in four fractions of the ethanol extract and was found in the hexane fraction (Romero et al., 1989). 

Miranda, M.M.F.S. Almeida, A.P. Costa, S.S. Santos, M.G.M. Lagrota, M.H.C. Wigg, M.D. In Vitro Activity of Extracts of Persea americana Leaves on Acyclovir-Resistant and Phosphonoacetic Resistant Herpes simplex Virus. Phytomedicine. 1997, 4, 347-352. 

Hayashi, K., Hayashi, T., and Morita, N. (1993). An extract from Spirulina platensis is a selective inhibitor of Herpes simplex virus type 1 penetration into HeLa cells. Phytother. Res. 7, 76-80. 

A glycoprotein with affinity for the Fc region of immunoglobulin G has been isolated from extracts of cultured cells infected with Herpes simplex virus type 1. Evidence is provided that it could account for at least some, and possibly all, of the Fc-binding activity detected on the surfaces of infected cells. The glycoprotein accumulates in two electrophoretically distinct forms (mol. wts. 8.0 and 6.5 X lO ) and is distinct from glycoproteins characterized previously from this virus. 

DonaUsio M, Nana HM, Ngane RAN, Gatsing D, Tchinda AT, Rovito R, et al. In vitro anti-Herpes simplex virus activity of crude extract of the roots of Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae). BMC Compl Alternative Med 2013 13 266. 

Vimses cause a range of structural and biochemical effects (cytopathic effects) on the host cells. Most virus infections cause alterations to cell surface membranes, cell lysis, and apoptosis (death to the host cell), though some viruses result in no apparent changes to the infected cells [7]. Hundreds of human-infecting viruses have been clinically investigated, but the majority of natural antiviral extracts were tested against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex viruses (HSV), rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, hepatitis (Hep), and influenza viruses. 

Heparin and other sulfated polysaccharides extracted from sea algae were found to be potent and selective inhibitors of the HIV-1 replication in cell culture as well as various enveloped viruses, including viruses that emerge as opportunistic pathogens (eg, herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus) in immuno-suppressed [eg, AIDS (the acquired immune deficiency syndrome)] patients. As potential anti-HIV drug candidates, sulfated polysaccharides offer a number of promising features (209,210). 

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