Human rotavirus

Plaque assays, at present, apply to only a very limited number of viruses, e.g. poliovirus, herpes virus, human rotavirus. The principle ofthese assays is as follows test virus is dried on to coverslips which are immersed in various concentrations oftest disinfectant... 

Lactadherin is a glycoprotein produced by mammary epithelial cells during lactation and associated with the milk fat globule membrane (Newburg et ah, 1998). Its concentration in milk peaks at 0.139 mg/ml immediately postpartum and declines thereafter (reviewed by Kvistgaard et ah, 2004). It has been reported to bind to human Rotavirus,... 

Attenuated pentavalent bovine-human vaccine contains human rotavirus genes from each serotype ... 

Davidson, G.P., Daniels, E., Nunan, H., Moore, A.G., Whyte, P.B.D., Franklin, K., McCloud, P.I., and Moore, D.J. 1989. Passive immunisation of children with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Lancet 2, 709 -712. 

Ebina, T., Tsukada, K., Umezu, K., Nose, M., Tsuda, K., Hatta, H., Kim, M., and Yamamoto, T. 1990. Gastroenteritis in suckling mice caused by human rotavirus can be prevented with egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) and treated with a protein-bound polysaccharide preparation (PSK). Microbiol. Immunol. 34, 617—629. 

Schaller, J.P., Saif, L.J., Cordle, C.T., Candler, E. Jr, Winship, T.R., and Smith, K.L. 1992. Prevention of human rotavirus-induced diarrhea in gnotobiotic piglets using bovine antibody. J. Infect. Dis. 165, 623-630. 

Various oral rotavirus vaccines (live attenuated rotavirus vaccines, including rhesus rotavirus and bovine rotavirus strains serotype 1 bovine-human rotavirus reassortant vaccine and both rhesus rotavirus monovalent and tetravalent reassortant vaccines) have been evaluated in clinical trials (SEDA-21, 292). 

The safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a live oral human rotavirus vaccine 89-12 has been assessed in 213 US infants in a randomized, placebo-controUed, doubleblind, multicenter trial (2). The infants received two doses of vaccine or placebo and were followed up through one rotavirus season. There was an immune response to vaccine in 94.4% of vaccinees, and vaccine efficacy was 89%. Adverse reactions were mild. Low-grade fever after the first dose was the only adverse effect that was significantly more common with the vaccine than with placebo. 

Bernstein DI, Sack DA, Rothstein E, Reisinger K, Smith VE, O Sullivan D, Spriggs DR, Ward RL. Efficacy of live, attenuated, human rotavirus vaccine 89-12 in infants a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 1999 354(9175) 287-90. 

Examples of other antiviral crude extracts from the Anthemideae tribe included the ethanol extract of Santolina oblongifolia Boiss. [56], and the hot water extract from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni which showed anti-human rotavirus activity [57]. Another Santolina species, Santolina etrusca (Lacaita) Marchi et Dam., was also active against Saprolegnia ferax [24]. 

Human rotavirus (HRV), a member of the Reoviridae, is a non-enveloped virus which is the major etiologic agent of severe dehydrating gastroenteritis in children worldwide. For the treatment of rotavirus gastroenteritis, intravenous fluid administration has been used successfully for dehydration from diarrhoea. However, in the case of... 

Rotavirus (human rotaviruses). Cypovirus (cytoplasmic polyhidrosis viruses). 

Two second-generation rotavirus vaccine candidates (one composed of five human-animal reassortants, RotaTeq , and the other a monovalent attenuated human rotavirus vaccine, Rotarix ) were in development in 1999, and after 7 years of study, they were licensed by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and many other licensing authorities. Both vaccines are efficacious and both underwent extensive safety trials in more than 130000 children, in whom there was no association with intussusception. In the years since licensing, there have been substantial reductions in the rates of hospitalization and death from rotavirus in both developed and less-developed countries. As part of post-licensing safety follow-up, the possible effect of the widespread use of rotavirus vaccines on rates of intussusception has been monitored carefully [2V]. 

Human rotaviruses are inactivated in suspension tests and dried on surfaces by glutaraldehyde within I minute, in the presence of both high and low organic load [159, 160], with morphological changes induced by the aldehyde [161]. Formaldehyde (8%) was effective in abolishing the infectivity of human rotaviruses after 5 minutes exposure [ 162]. 

Different gangliosides have been found to be involved in rotavirus entry, and the results of these studies have recently been reviewed in detail [10]. Briefly, porcine rotaviruses have GM3 [177] and GDla [173] receptors. Simian rotavirus 11 binds to GM3, GM2, and GDla [178, 179] GM3 containing both iV-acetyl- and Af-glycolyl-neuraminic acid may represent the receptors of bovine rotaviruses [178]. Human rotavirus bound to GMl [173, 180]. 

Monnier N, Higo-Moriguchi K, Sun ZY, Prasad BV, Taniguchi K, Dormitzer PR (2006) High-resolution molecular and antigen structure of the VPS core of a sialic acid-independent human rotavirus strain. J Virol 80 1513-1523... 

Guo CT, Nakagomi O, Mochizuki M, Ishida H, Kiso M, Ohta Y, Suzuki T, Miyamoto D, Hidari KI, Suzuki Y (1999) Ganglioside GM(la) on the cell surface is involved in the infection by human rotavirus KUN and MO strains. J Biochem 126 683-688... 

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