Herpes simplex virus type 2, treatment

Fahim M, Brawner T, Hall D. New treatment for herpes-simplex virus type-2 [ultrasound and zinc, urea and tannic acid ointment]. Part II Female patients. J Med 1980 11 143-167. 

Kanai R, Tomita H, Hirose Y, Ohba S, et al. 2007. Augmented therapeutic efficacy of an oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant expressing ICP345 under the transcriptional control of musashi 1 promoter in the treatment of malignant glioma. Hum Gene Ther. 18 63-73. 

Vidarabine [vye DARE a been] arabinofuranosyl adenine, ara-A, adenine arabinoside) is one of the most effective of the nucleoside analogs and is also the least toxic. However, it has been supplanted clinically by acyclovir, which is more efficacious and safe. Although vidarabine is active against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), its use is limited to treatment of immunocompromised patients with herpes simplex keratitis or encephalitis, or VZV infections. Vidarabine, an adenosine analog, is converted in the cell to its 5 -triphosphate analog (ara-ATP), which is postulated to inhibit viral DNA synthesis. Some resistant herpes virus... 

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a member of the Herpesviridae family. HSV infection is endemic in the population. The primary symptom of infection is recurrent fever blisters. On occasion, infection can lead to more serious symptoms such as encephalitis and retinitis. In particular, immunocompromised patients, such as those undergoing chemotherapy treatments or receiving organ transplants, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) victims are at particular risk of developing life-threatening complications due to reactivation of latent infections. 

Mucsi et al. [197] studied the combined antiviral effects of some benzol a] phenothiazines and 9-[2-hydroxy(ethoxy)methyl]guanine (acyclovir, ACV, and acycloguanisine) on the multiplication of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Vero cells were infected with HSV-2 and treated with a combination of ACV and selected benzo[a]phenohiazines, including 5-oxo-5H-benzo[a]phenothiazine and 6-methyl-5-oxo-5H-benzo[a]phenothiazine. The authors found that such a treatment decreased the infective virus population, probably by reduction of the mutagenic rate in the virus populations. 

The phenomenon of viral adsorption to various surfaces was extensively studied from an environmental standpoint as reviewed by Daniels (14) and Gerba (15) for prevention of various waterborne viral transmissions. The problem of virus removal from complex protein solutions is very different from that of sewage and drinking water treatment processes because most protein molecules compete for the active sites of the adsorbents. Hence, both the adsorption rate and capacity diminish in the presence of protein molecules (16). It is the intention of this paper to demonstrate and to compare the antiviral activity of a surface-bonded QAC in aqueous solutions against 2 model viruses with and without the presence of proteins. The efficacy of the accepted antiviral thermo-inactivation was compared with the viral inactivation method by the surface-bonded QAC treatment. Beta-lactamase was used as a thermolabile model protein (17), and bacteriophage T2 and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1, an enveloped animal virus) were used as model hydrophilic and hydrophobic viruses to test these chemical inactivation methods. 

Fig. 7. EPR spectra of mixed-valent states of the diiron site in RNR-R2 (a) 1.0 mM mouse R2 and (b) 0.6 mM herpes simplex virus type 1 R2 after 60 min treatment with 10 mM hydrazine showing the S = i signal in the g> 2 region. The g = 4.3 signal arises from rhombic Fe(III), probably unspecifically bound, (c) Low-temperature reduced (61) met R2 from E. coli, 1.3 mM in 50% glycerol, 50 mM tris-HCl, 0.1 M KCl. The sample was y-irradiated at 77 K with 5.4 Mrad, giving the S = 1 signal atg > 2, and photobleached for 2 hours at 77 K, which partially transformed the signal to a S = 3 signal in the g = 14-5 region. The spectra were recorded at 3.6 K (a,b) or 7 K (c), with 16 mW micro-wave power, at 9.62 GHz and 10 G modulation amplitude. Obtained from S. Kuprin and R. Davydov, as a personal communication.

Foscamet is an antiviral agent that inhibits replication of all known herpes viruses, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2), human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It is indicated in the treatment of CMV retinitis in patients with AIDS treatment of acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous HSV infections in immunocompromised patients and as combination therapy with ganciclovir for patients who have relapsed after monotherapy with either drug. 

Vidarabine, an antiviral agent (10 to 15 mg/kg/day for 5 to 10 days), is indicated in the treatment of herpes simplex virus encephalitis, neonatal herpes simplex virus infections, and herpes zoster in immunosuppressed patients. In addition, vidarabine (ophthalmic ointment 3% vidarabine monohydrate [equivalent to 2.8% vidarabine]) is indicated in the treatment of acute keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, or superficial keratitis caused by herpes simplex virus that has not responded to topical idoxuridine or when toxic or hypersensitivity reactions to idoxuridine have occurred. 

It is used for the treatment of cold sore caused by labial herpes, herpes simplex virus Type I and Type II responsible for genital herpes. It also affects the isolated of EB viruses and varicella-zoster significantly. 

Human embryo lung fibroblasts infected with a reference laboratory strain of herpes simplex virus (HS V) type 2 were used to detect antibody to HSV type 2 in serum samples. After treatment of cells with serial dilutions of sera, HRP-labeled immunoglobulins to human IgG (class G immunoglobulins) were added and detected with CL substrate [36], In both cases a sharp detection of the specific antibodies was achieved with chemiluminescent assays, which proved more sensitive than the colorimetric immunoperoxidase assays. 

Foscamet is used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and mucocutaneous acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections. It may also be beneficial in other types of CMV or HSV infections (Wagstaff and Bryson, 1994). 

Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze (leaves) Bilobetin (3) II-7-O-methyl-robustaflavone (66) eupressuflavone (86). A Brazilian medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases, including dry skin, herpes disease, wounds, and sexually transmitted diseases. Bilobetin is an aetive leishmanicidal eompound. Antiviral activity antiherpes activity (Flerpes Simplex Virus type 1, HSV-1). Weniger et al., 2006[86] Freitas et al.,2009[79]. 

It is specifically employed for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infeetions belonging to Types 1 and 2 encephalitis. 

Rand, K.H. Bodor, N. el Koussi, AA. Raad, I. Miyake, A. Houck, H. Gildersleeve, N. Potential treatment of herpes simplex virus encephalitis by brain-specific delivery of trifluorothymidine using a dihydropyridine in equilibrium pyridinium salt type redox delivery system, J.Med.Virol., 1986, 20, 1-8. 

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