Hallucinogen

LSD gets its potency from the combination of units within its molecular makeup. Both the indole ethylamine and the phenyl-ethylamine units reside within its structure. 

Forgive me for wandering from the subject of LSD synthesis. As this first chapter of formulas is for psychedelics, I felt it necessary to explain the difference of the only other book of this type. 

Synthesis ofLysergic Acid, By reacting N-benzoyl-3-(B-carboxyethyl)-dihydroindole (see JCS, 3158 (1931) for the preparation of this compound) with thionyl chloride, followed by aluminum chloride gives l-benzoyl-5-keto-l,2,2a,3,4,5-hexahydrobenzindole. This is then brominated to give the 4-bromo-derivative, which is converted to the ketol-ketone by reacting with methylamine acetone ethylene ketol. This is then hydrolized by acid to yield the diketone and treated with sodium methoxide to convert it to the tetracyclic ketone. Acetylate and reduce this ketone with sodium borohydride to get the alcohol, which is converted to the hydrochloride form, as usual. 

The above hydrochloride is treated with thionyl chloride in liquid sulfur dioxide, to produce an amorphous chloride hydro chloride, which is converted to the nitrile with sodium cyanide in liquid hydrogen cyanide, Methanolysis then gives the ester of the nitrile. Alkaline hydrolysis of this last compound, followed by catalytic dehydrogenation in water using a deactivated Raney Nickle catalyst (see JOC, 13, 455 1948) gives dl-lysergic acid. 

This is the easiest way to totally synthesize lysergic acid. There are other ways, hut after reviewing other methods, I found this to be superior. It is quite complicated and it takes good modern equipment. 

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LS coupling Russell-Saunders coupling. LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide. An hallucinogen. 

Revision Problem 8 TM 406 is a synthetic intermediate related to the caimabinoids, naturally occurring hallucinogenic compounds. How could it be synthesised ... 

Mescaline a hallucinogenic amine obtained from the peyote cactus has been synthesized in two steps from 3 4 5 trimethoxybenzyl bromide The first step is nucleophilic substitution by sodium cyanide The second step is a lithium aluminum hydnde reduction What is the structure of mescaline" ... 

Crude preparations of mescaline (61) from peyote were first reported by the Spanish as they learned of its use from the natives of Mexico during the Spanish invasion of that country in the sixteenth century. The colorful history (44) of mescaline has drawn attention to its use as a hallucinogen and even today it is in use among natives of North and South America. Although in connection with dmg abuse complaints, mescaline is considered dangerous, it has been reported (45) that it is not a narcotic nor is it habituating. It was also suggested that its sacramental use in the Native American Church of the United States be permitted since it appears to provoke only visual hallucination while the subject retains clear consciousness and awareness. 

Glassification of Substance-Related Disorders. The DSM-IV classification system (1) divides substance-related disorders into two categories (/) substance use disorders, ie, abuse and dependence and (2) substance-induced disorders, intoxication, withdrawal, delirium, persisting dementia, persisting amnestic disorder, psychotic disorder, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, sexual dysfunction, and sleep disorder. The different classes of substances addressed herein are alcohol, amphetamines, caffeine, caimabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics, polysubstance, and others. On the basis of their significant socioeconomic impact, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and opioids have been selected for discussion herein. 

Problem 24.23 Which nitrogen atom in the hallucinogenic indole alkaloid jV,A -dimethyltryptamine is more basic Explain. 

The patty drug MDMA (3,4-methylene-dioxymetham-phetamine) as well as amphetamine causes efflux of all monoamine neurotransmitters. The effects of MDMA are described as psychostimulant and hallucinogenic and are judged differently from those of amphetamine. This difference is due to the stronger inhibition of SERT by MDMA as compared with amphetamine, which is a more potent dopamine releaser and moreaddictivethan MDMA. 

The term psychedelic literally means mind manifesting and was applied to hallucinogens like LSD or mescaline to emphasize the intensification of awareness and sensory perception that is associated with these drugs. 

For many years it was believed that the brain mechanisms underlying the effects of psychedelic hallucinogens and dissociative anesthetics were separate and distinct. Indeed, there has been considerable debate about which represents the best drag model of schizophrenia. However, recent data show that the two classes of psychotomimetic drags share a common final pathway involving an increase in the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. 

Gouzoulis- Mayfrank E, Hermle L, Thelen B et al (1998) History, rationale and potential human experimental hallucinogenic drug research in psychiatry. Pharmacopsychiatry (Suppl)31 63-68... 

Glennon RA (1990) Do classical hallucinogens act as 5-HT2 agonists or antagonists. Neuropsychopharmacology 3 509-517... 

Psychedelic Hallucinogen Psycho Energizers Psychomotor Stimulant Diugs Psychostimulants Psychotogenic Psychotomimetic Drugs PT... 

Clinical Manual of Addiction Psychopharmacology Table 6-1 - Major groups of hallucinogens... 

Tryptamine-related hallucinogens are naturally occurring plant alkaloids or their chemically synthesized derivatives. Some of them are related to sub-... 

Tryptamine itself is found in all major centers of the brain. Its physiologic role in central nervous system (CNS) function, however, remains unclear. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) is an important neurotransmitter in the CNS. The structural similarity of the tryptamine-related hallucinogens with 5-HT presumably forms the neurochemical basis for their action within the CNS. 

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