Other Reviews

Other review artieles pertaining to organie ehemistry are... 

Other review artieles pertinent to main group inorganies are... 

There are a number of other sources of information available about the synthesis of indoles. The most comprehensive entree to the older literature is through Volume 25, Parts I-IIl, of The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, which were published between 1972 and 1979[23]. Work to the early 1980s is reviewed in Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry[24 and a second edition is forthcoming[25]. Other reviews emphasizing recent developments are also availablc[26-28]. 

The General References and two other reviews (17,25) provide extensive descriptions of the chemistry of maleic anhydride and its derivatives. The broad industrial appHcations for this chemistry derive from the reactivity of the double bond in conjugation with the two carbonyl oxygens. 

There is a great diversity of chemical stmctures in the polysaccharides of plant tissue. Table 1 fists some principal types of polysaccharides in edible land plants using simplified stmctures. Other reviews (6—8) provide a more complete description of the complex stmctures. Complete stmctures for many of the polysaccharides of edible sources have not yet been determined. 

This chapter is a brief diseussion of large deformation wave codes for multiple material problems and their applications. There are numerous other reviews that should be studied [7], [8]. There are reviews on transient dynamics codes for modeling gas flow over an airfoil, incompressible flow, electromagnetism, shock modeling in a single fluid, and other types of transient problems not addressed in this chapter. 

Several other review articles cover various aspects of tautomerism in six-membered heterocycles. Various aspects of prototropic tautomerism have been covered in a review article by Katritzky [91H(32)329] types of tautomerism, methods of study of aromatic tautomerism, and tautomeric equilibria in pyridines and other six-membered rings. Some generalizations have also been made. Another review article by Kurasawa, which appeared in two parts in 1995, covers, for the most part, the work of that author [95H(41)1805 95H(41)2057]. 

Since the changes in physical properties are often the impetus for grafting, it is necessary to briefly touch on this, in this section. A number of general reviews on grafting have also included some discussion on the changes in physical properties [126-129] that usually determine the field of applications. Some other reviews deal with certain properties and applications, such as sorbency [70] and ion exchange properties [130] of cellulose. 

In this section, we restrict ourselves to the polyelectrolyte catalyst. A large number of investigations on imidazole-containing polymers has been reported. The readers are referred to other review articles6,106 l07). 

Aryl substituted quinohnes 216 have also been prepared through a microwave-assisted Friedlander condensation between various acetophenones 215 and 2-aminoacetophenones 214 in the presence of a catalytic amount of diphenylphosphate (Scheme 78). These conditions are less acidic than the others reviewed here for the synthesis of quinohnes [138]. 

An indication of growing interdisciplinary interest in the field is illustrated in a review on new perspectives in surface chemistry and catalysis by Roberts (.160), who discussed the interaction of N2 with iron surfaces. In so doing, he referred to the Fe (N2) , matrix Mdssbauer work of Barrett and Montano (7), which showed that molecular nitrogen only bonds to iron when the latter is present as a dimer. As the chemisorption studies (161) indicated that N2 is absorbed on singleatom sites, Roberts suggested (160), of the matrix data (7), "if this is correct, then our assignment of the N(ls) peak at 405 eV to end-on chemisorbed N2 will require further investigation. Other reviews that consider matrix-isolation techniques for chemisorption simulation are collected in footnote a. 

This chapter will also deal with compounds containing two or three phosphinous amide units, which, for simpUcity, will be named here as bis(amino-phosphanes) or tris(aminophosphanes) but not with phosphinous amides containing other additional organophosphorus functionaUties as, for instance, the so-called aminophosphine phosphinites (AMMP), which have been the subject of increasing attention in the Uterature dealing with catalytic asymmetric transformations and have been treated in other reviews [2,3]. 

Other reviews explicitly concern summaries of the work of the author s group, supplemented by a short introduction in the field see [75, 76,101] for MIT work, [87, 93, 102, 103] for IMM work, [104] for TU Eindhoven work, [105] for Sandia National Laboratories work, [106] for PNNL work, and [23] for the work of the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. 

This chapter, however, does not deal with above-mentioned reactions of sulfoxides. Rather it is limited to asymmetric synthesis using a-sulfinyl carbanions and -unsaturated sulfoxides, specifically in which the stereogenic sulfoxide sulfur atom is enantiomerically pure. Therefore reactions of racemic sulfoxides are for the most part excluded from this review. For more general discussions, the reader is referred to other chapters in this volume and to other reviews on the chemistry of sulfoxides. Especially useful are the reviews by Johnson and Sharp and by Mislow in the late 1960s and by Oae and by Nudelman as well as a book by Block . A review by Cinquini, Cozzi and Montanari" through mid-1983 summarizes the chemistry and stereochemistry of optically active sulfoxides. This chapter emphasizes results reported from 1984 through mid-1986. 

As it has been described in various other review articles before, the conversion efficiencies of photovoltaic cells depend on the band gap of the semiconductor used in these systems The maximum efficiency is expected for a bandgap around Eg = 1.3eV. Theoretically, efficiencies up to 30% seem to be possible . Experimental values of 20% as obtained with single crystal solid state devices have been reported " . Since the basic properties are identical for solid/solid junctions and for solid/liquid junctions the same conditions for high efficiencies are valid. Before discussing special problems of electrochemical solar cells the limiting factors in solid photovoltaic cells will be described first. 

This section describes currently available models and presents important features of each that are pertinent to ET landfill cover design. These models have diverse origins however, each was intended for use in evaluating the hydrologic cycle and included features that are pertinent to landfill covers. The model developer and/or other reviewers have tested each of these models. The purpose of this evaluation is to determine the level of accuracy and usefulness of a model as it might be applied to ET landfill cover design and evaluation. 

Considerable literature is currently available about these species. The review by Raabe and Michl in 1985 on Multiple Bonding to Silicon 6 is certainly the most detailed and complete reference to the topic to that date. Subsequently a number of other reviews that provide additional details of more limited areas of the field have been written by Brook and Baines,7 Cowley and Norman,8 Gordon,9 Shklover et al.,w Grev,11 and Lickiss.12 In addition, much information is to be found in The Chemistry of Organic Silicon Compounds edited by Patai and Rappoport,13 especially in chapters 2, 3, 8, 15, and 17. 

The classic problem of the silicon-silicon double bond dates back at least to the early part of this century, when F. S. Kipping and his students attempted unsuccessfully to synthesize disilenes. Evidence for the probable transient existence of disilenes began to appear in the 1970s, but it was the isolation of the stable disilene 1 in 19811 that opened up modem disilene chemistry. The early history of this discovery has been recounted in a review2 several other reviews covering Si=Si double bonds have been published.2 5... 

As with conductivity measurements, methods and results of theoretical treatments of CT in DNA have varied significantly. Mechanisms invoking hopping, tunneling, superexchange, or even band delocalization have been proposed to explain CT processes in DNA (please refer to other reviews in this text). Significantly, many calculations predicted that the distance dependence of CT in DNA should be comparable to that observed in the a-systems of proteins [26]. This prediction has not been realized experimentally. The dichotomy between theory and experiment may be related to the fact that many early studies gave insufficient consideration to the unique properties of the DNA molecule. Consequently, CT models derived for typical conductors, or even those based on other biomolecules such as proteins, were not adequate for DNA. 

Other reviews of multidimensional separations have been published. These include a book on polymer characterization by hyphenated and multidimensional techniques (Provder et al., 1995), a review on polymer analysis by 2DLC (van der Horst and Schoenmakers, 2003), and two reviews on two-dimensional techniques in peptide and protein separations (Issaq et al., 2005 Stroink et al., 2005). Reviews on multidimensional separations in biomedical and pharmaceutical analysis (Dixon et al. 2006) and multidimensional column selectivity (Jandera, 2006) were recently published. Suggested nomenclature and conventions for comprehensive multidimensional chromatography were published in 2003 (Schoenmakers et al., 2003), and a book chapter in the Advances in Chromatography series on MDLC was published in 2006 (Shalliker and Gray 2006). 

There are also models assuming the electrostrictive input of incorporated anions into the breakdown initiation,285,299 ionic drift models,300 and many others reviewed elsewhere.283,293 However, the majority of specialists agree that further work is necessary in order to properly understand the physics of the electric breakdown in growing oxide films and that caused by electric stress in thin-film structures. 

A comprehensive discussion of the photostabilization of PVC is outside the scope of the present chapter, and the reader is referred to other reviews (1, 2 4) for coverage of this subject. 

There are three reviews emphasizing the importance of synthesis in pheromone science [4],in semiochemicals research [5],and in chemical ecology [6]. Stereochemistry-pheromone activity relationships are also discussed in the above three reviews, and more thoroughly in three other reviews [7-9]. 

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