Analysis of hallucinogens

These studies illustrate the point that the analysis of hallucinogen effects on spinal reflexes in intact animals may provide important information regarding the role of tonically active functionally depressant descending systems that would otherwise be lacking in the spinally transected preparation. 

Glennon, R.A., Kier, L.B. and Shulgin, A.T. (1979). Molecular Connectivity Analysis of Hallucinogenic Mescaline Analogs. J.Pharm.ScL, 68,906. 

Glennon, R. A., L. B. Kier, and A. T. Shulgin. 1979. Molecular connectivity analysis of hallucinogenic mescaline analogs. J. Pharm. 

Laussmann T, Meier-Giebing S. Forensic analysis of hallucinogenic mushrooms and khat (Catha edulis FORSK) using cation-exchange liquid chromatography. Forensic Sci Int 2010 195(l-3) 160-4. 

Green, J. P., Johnson, C. L., Weinstein, H., Kang, S., and Chou, D. (1978) Molecular determinants for interaction with the LSD receptor Biochemical studies and quantum chemical analysis. In The Psychopharmacology of Hallucinogens, edited by R. C. Stillman and R. E. Willette, pp. 28-60. Pergamon Press, New York. 

Hallucinations, hallucinogen-induced experimental analysis of, 15-16 imagery in, 15-16... 

Partitioning into the CNS will be important for hallucinogens, as for any drug that acts centrally. Correlation between 1-octanol/water partition coefficients and human activity has been reported (13). Regression analysis of log human activity on log P yielded a parabolic fit with an optimum at log P 3.14. The derived equation accounted for only 62% of the variance but included compounds with a variety of substitution patterns and, presumably, qualitative differences in activity. 

The tests are designed to predict which of seven categories of drug the suspect may have used (1) CNS depressants, (2) CNS stimulants, (3) cannabinoids, (4) phencyclidine, (5) opioids, (6) hallucinogens, and (7) inhalants. The combination of results from the laboratory analysis of the blood or urine sample and from the 12-step evaluation test will help decide whetherthe defendant was impaired at the time of the stop. 

Chilcoat, H.D. and Schutz, C.G., Age-specific patterns of hallucinogen use in the U.S. population an analysis using generalized additive models, Drug Alcohol Depend., 43, 143, 1996. 

According to a special analysis of NHSDA and MTF data, the United States experienced a hallucinogen use epidemic in the 90s that peaked in 1996 among predominantly white youths aged 14 to 24. Use remained approximately stable until 1999, then dropped off slightly in 2000 and 2001. This renewal of interest in LSD spurred reports on the dmg in major newspapers such as the New York Times and Washington Post, as well as on TV news programs. 

The psychotropic effects of Salvia divinorum have generated interest among psychopharmacologists and other scientists. Chemical analysis of the plant has succeeded in identifying the active substance, which is now known as salvinorin A. Research on animals and human volunteers indicates that the psychoactive effects of salvinorin A are comparable to those of mescaline. As little as 200-500 meg of salvinorin A will reliably produce hallucinations in people, when the crystallized substance is vaporized over a flame and inhaled. On the basis of effective dose, salvinorin A is the most potent natural hallucinogen known. The leaves have been determined to contain 1—4 mg of salvinorin A per gram of dry weight. 

Allen, J.W., Gartz, J. Guzman, G. (1992). Index to the botanical identification and chemical analysis of the known species of the hallucinogenic fungi. Integration, 2 3, 9197. Allen, J.W. Merlin, M.D. (1992). Psychoactive mushroom use in Koh Samui and Koh Pha-Ngan, Thailand. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 35, 205228. 

Guzmdn, G. and J. Ott 1976. Description and chemical analysis of a new species of hallucinogenic Psilocybe from the Pacific Northwest Mycologia 68 (6) 1261-1267,... 

MALDI has also been used to quantify small molecules. This aspect has been demonstrated by the analysis of lysergic acid diethyl amide (LSD) with atmospheric pressure (AP) MALDI [20]. LSD is a hallucinogen. Its quantification is highly important from forensic and clinical point of views. In this method, LSD was extracted and precleaned from urine samples by SPE and quantified by recording the ion current due to m/z 327 226 and 324 223 transitions. The standard curves were plotted by analyzing several LSD standard solutions, each of which was spiked with LSD-iis as an IS. A linear calibration curve was obtained over the concentration range 1 to 100 ng mL with = 0.9917. The results were comparable with those of an existing HPLC/ESI-MS method. 

Forensic science makes nse of IR spectroscopy and IR microscopy, not only for paint analysis but for analysis of controlled snbstances. IR can be used to detect the active compounds in hallucinogenic mushrooms, for example. IR is often used to confirm the identity of controlled substances such as cocaine. It has the advantage of being able to differentiate isomers that cannot be distinguished by mass spectrometry (MS), for example, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. 

Zaitsu Ket al (2009) Simultaneous analysis of six novel hallucinogenic (tetrahydrobenzodifiiranyl) aminoalkanes (FLYs) and (benzodifuranyl)amin-oalkanes (DragonFLYs) by GC-MS, LC-MS, and LC-MS-MS. Forensic Toxicol 28 9-18... 

Oo-koo-he " He was barely able to believe his ears. It must have been incredible to him that this strange, weak creature, like something from another world, should directly inquire after a secret tradition of his people. I have no idea how many cultural conventions were overlooked, but after a bit more conversation, or what passes for conversation between people who share no common language, I was sure that he would try to help me. Days later, on my twenty-fifth birthday, I was brought a tarry goo wrapped into little leaf packets. I was never able to obtain a hallucinogenic experience from this material, but later analysis by the chemists of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm confirmed the presence of di-methyltryptamine. Demetrius had been as good as his name. 

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