Brain mechanisms

Rosenblatt, F. (1961) Principles of Neurodynamics Perceptrons and the Theory of Brain Mechanisms, Spartan Press, Washington, DC. 

For many years it was believed that the brain mechanisms underlying the effects of psychedelic hallucinogens and dissociative anesthetics were separate and distinct. Indeed, there has been considerable debate about which represents the best drag model of schizophrenia. However, recent data show that the two classes of psychotomimetic drags share a common final pathway involving an increase in the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. 

Brain mechanisms of behaviour in lower vertebrates. Edited by P.R. Laming... 

Randrup, A., and Munkvad, I. Pharmaeologieal studies on the brain mechanisms underlying two forms of behavioral excitation Stereotyped hyperactivity and rage. Ann NY Acad Sci 159 928-938, 1969. 

Solms, M. (2000). Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. Behav. Brain Sci. 23, 843-50 discussion 904-1121. 

Sakai, K., Sastre, J. P Kanamori, N. Jouvet, M. (1981). State-specific neurones in the ponto-medullary reticular formation with special reference to the postural atonia during paradoxical sleep in the cat. In Brain Mechanisms of Perceptual Awareness and Purposeful Behavior, ed. O. Pompeiano C. Aimone Marsan. New York, NY Raven Press. 

Kometsky, C. and Porrino, L.J., Brain mechanisms of drug-induced reinforcement, in Addictive States, O Brien, C.P. and Jaffe, J.H., Eds., Raven Press, New York, 1992, 59. 

The sites in brain where these drugs, and presumably 5-HT as well, act to cause such effects remain to be identified. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus may be an important site, although some data indicate that actions on the PVN maybe sufficient but not necessary to reduce caloric intake. In addition to brain mechanisms, 5-HT may also act through peripheral mechanisms to produce satiety. 

Studies of brain mechanisms have tended to focus primarily on structures associated with the mesolimbic DA pathway. Ideally, all brain regions with major concentrations of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors should be probed with nicotinic... 

Donna Toufexis completed her doctoral training in neuroendocrinology at McGill University in Montreal, Canada, and postdoctoral training at Concordia University in Montreal. Toufexis is presently a research associate at the Center for Behavioral Neuroscience (CBN) at Emory University in Atlanta. Her primary research interest is the characterization of brain mechanisms that govern fear and anxiety. In particular, Toufexis is interested in the role that neuroactive hormones estrogen, testosterone, and oxytocin play in the regulation of fear and anxiety. 

LeDoux JF Brain mechanisms of emotion and emotional learning. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2 191-197, 1992... 

Nutt DJ, Bell CJ, Malizia AL. Brain mechanisms of social anxiety disorder. J din Psychiatry 1998 59(17) 4-9. 

The capacity to thermoregulate—to maintain body temperature within very narrow limits—is one of the great fundamental achievements of class mammalia. A complex variety of brain mechanisms guarantees this stability, and the brain, in turn, appears to be the principal beneficiary of thermal homeostasis. The experiences of febrile delirium and hypothermic... 

But what about the brain In the first half of the twentieth century, while psychoanalysis became celebrated as a worldwide cult, neurobiology was setting its roots deep in the soil that Freud abandoned. By midcentury it was readying itself even to expose the brain mechanisms of consciousness and unconsciousness and of substrates of consciousness like dreaming. Thus Freud and Jung could be excused for not... 

By 1980, the time that Hofmann wrote up his experiences, the role of the neuromodulators serotonin and dopamine in controlling conscious states was well established. Hofmann knew from the work of Gaddum and others that LSD blocked serotonin and enhanced dopamine transmission in the brains of animals, yet Hofmann stopped short of speculating about the possible brain mechanisms of his experience that he could have derived from that knowledge. 

Heinrich Kliiver, who devoted his scientific career to understanding the brain mechanisms of perception, was naturally fascinated by the experimental possibility of chemically altering perception (figure 15.1). Born in 1897, he was 21 when mescaline first became available and 23 when he himself first took the drug. Within ten years he had conducted and published the first systematic study of its effects (Mescal and Mechanisms of Hallucinations, 1928). 

One reason for Huxley s denial of the adequacy of brain mechanisms in accounting for such imagery may be the very same kind of poor dream recall that hindered my recollection of the flower, the ski run, and the maze. Huxley was agreeing with Calvin Hall when he said, Only one dream in three is colored, or has some color in it. If Huxley had tried harder to overcome his poor dream recall he would have realized that intense, preternaturally brilliant color was not the unique hallmark of... 

The central nervous system (CNS) - the brain and spinal cord - is involved in the reception and interpretation of peripheral afferent nociceptive impulses. Reflexes mediated by spinal interneurons and the gating functions of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord are particularly crucial. However, our knowledge of brain mechanisms is still limited. 

However, my findings and parapsychological findings on precognition in general have forced me to theorize further that there is another dimension of time (and probably of space as well) that some aspect of our awareness can sometimes make contact with. This second dimension acts as the channel for psi information. I theorize that one property of this second dimension of time is that the experienced present of awareness is wider than the experienced present of ordinary consciousness. In my theory of states of consciousness [173], ordinary consciousness is seen as basic awareness modulated by brain mechanisms and thus tied to ordinary time. 

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