Indolealkylamines hallucinogen

In this chapter, we have reviewed the effects of indolealkylamine and phen-ylalkylamine hallucinogens on respondent (classical or Pavlovian) and operant (instrumental) behavior. Both the classically conditioned NMR and bar pressing or licking that is simultaneously reinforced with food or water and suppressed by punishment appear to be particularly sensitive to low doses of LSD- or mescaline-like agents. To date, however, neither of these behaviors has provided substantial amounts of information regarding specific, underlying neuronal mechanisms. 

Sloviter, R. S., Drust, E. G., Dammiano, B. P., and Conner, J. D. (1981) A common mechanism for lysergic acid, indolealkylamine and phenethylamine hallucinogens Serotonergic mediation of behavioral effects in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 214 231-238. 

One of the best studied tryptamine derivatives is DMT (37). DMT and 5-OMeDMT (59) are probably the active constituents of a variety of South American hallucinogenic snuffs. These and related indolealkylamines have been detected in members of at least five different plant families Agaricaceae, Leg-uminosae, Malpighiaceae, Myristicaceae and Rubiaceae (107,109,110,187). In... 

Glennon, R. A., Young, R., and Jacyno, J. M. (1983) Indolealkylamine and phenalkylamine hallucinogens Effect of a-methyl and N-methyl substituents on behavioral activity. Biochem. Pharmacol., 32 1267-1273. 

Pullman, B., Courriere, P., and Berthod, H. (1974) Molecular orbital studies on the conformation of hallucinogenic indolealkylamines and related compounds. The isolated molecules and the solvent effect. J. Med. Chem.. 17 439-447. 

Ibogaine, discovery of, 7 Imagery, hallucinogen-induced, 15-16 Indole hallucinogens, effects of on spinal reflexes, 38-39 on startle reflexes, 43-44 Indolealkylamines... 

The effects of hallucinogens on the 5-HT syndrome have been extensively studied to date, every hallucinogen examined has been reported to produce the syndrome. This list includes LSD and related indolealkylamine [DMT, 5-MeODMT, diethyltryptamine (DET)] hallucinogens (39,53,56,67,108,152,155, 159,162,166,176,180,185,198), as well as phenethylamine (DOM, mescaline) hallucinogens (135,159,198). 

Anden, N. E., Corrodi, H and Fuxe, K. (1971) Hallucinogenic drugs of the indolealkylamine type and central monoamine neurons. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 179 236-249. 

This chapter considers the effects of indolealkylamine (LSD-like) and phenyl-alkylamine (mescaline-like) hallucinogens on learned behavior. We concentrate on those approaches that have shed the most light on underlying neuronal mechanisms or that show promise of becoming useful (in vivo) animal models of hallucinogenic drug action. Thus we are selective rather than exhaustive, a luxury made possible in part because several more empirically oriented reviews have been published recently (14,16,34,35). 

The neurotransmitter serotonin (21) has been implicated as playing a role in the mechanism of action of the hallucinogenic indolealkylamines however, the importance of other neurotransmitters cannot be ruled out at this time. Studies targeted specifically toward the elucidation of the mechanism of action of indolealkylamines are considered in other chapters, and this review is limited to a discussion of structure-activity relationships. 

Compounds such as LSD or the beta-carbolines do not possess a primary amino group, are not rapidly metabolized in comparison to, for example, tryptamine, and enter the brain readily certain substituent groups can alter this situation. Members of the phenylalkylamine and indolealkylamine families of hallucinogens can produce similar effects in animals but may be capable of producing distinctive effects in man. As yet, there is no satisfactory and comprehensive structure-activity relationship that encompasses both major classes of compounds. This may be due in part to unique metabolic and distributional characteristics associated with the individual ring systems. 

Dennis J. McKenna, David B. Repke, and Stephen J. Peroutka. "Hallucinogenic indolealkylamines are selective for 5HT2A binding sites." Neuroscience Abstract 15 (1989) 485. 

There are two main chemical categories of hallucinogens the indolealkylamine derivatives, wh ich are related to theneurotrans-mitter serotonin, and the phenethylamine derivatives, which... 

Phenylalkylamines, the phenylethylamines and the phenylisopropylamines, represent the largest group of classical hallucinogens (29,30). The phenylethylamines are the a-desmethyl counterparts of the phenylisopropylamines as with the indolealkylamines, the presence of the a-methyl group increases ... 

Glennon RA, Young R, Jacyno JM, et al. DOM-stimulus generalization to LSD and other hallucinogenic indolealkylamines. Eur J Pharmacol 1983 86 453-459. 

A large variety of potent hallucinogenic indolealkylamines is found in plants... 

Flo. 10. Hallucinogens derived from indolealkylamines. LSD-25 lysergic acid... 

Further attention however has been paid more recently to the possibility of abnormal methylation of either catecholamines or indolealkylamines in schizophrenia, not only because many hallucinogens are O- or N-methyl derivatives of these substances, but also because of the temporary deterioration of schizophrenic patients when given MAOI together with the methyl donor methionine [385, 386, 387]. Abnormal... 

---