Colorants history

Crude preparations of mescaline (61) from peyote were first reported by the Spanish as they learned of its use from the natives of Mexico during the Spanish invasion of that country in the sixteenth century. The colorful history (44) of mescaline has drawn attention to its use as a hallucinogen and even today it is in use among natives of North and South America. Although in connection with dmg abuse complaints, mescaline is considered dangerous, it has been reported (45) that it is not a narcotic nor is it habituating. It was also suggested that its sacramental use in the Native American Church of the United States be permitted since it appears to provoke only visual hallucination while the subject retains clear consciousness and awareness. 

The rubber industry has a long and colorful history. Natural rubber is produced from latex, a milky fluid found in cells that lie between the bark and the wood of many plants. You may have seen latex flow from the broken stalks of milkweed plants, but the source of commercial rubber is the Hevea tree, a native of Brazil. When the bark of this tree is slashed, its milky white sap oozes out and can be collected in cups mounted on the tree s trunk. The people of the Amazon jungle made bouncing balls, shoes, and water Jars out of rubber, and Portuguese explorers sent waterproof boots and a rubber-coated coat back to their king. The first commercial exports included some rubber shoes shipped to Boston in 1823. 

While the chemistry of metal carbonyl complexes has enjoyed a rather long and colorful history, being extensively studied and widely reviewed (7-3), the synthesis and reactivity of the group 4B (Ti, Zr, Hf) metal carbonyls have developed relatively slowly. Although the first well-characterized group 4B metal carbonyl complex, bis(i7-cyclopentadienyl)-dicarbonyltitanium (1), was reported by Murray of Monsanto Co. in... 

Another and complex chapter in the checkered and colorful history of the divine mushroom was initiated in August i960, when, in a villa near Cuernavaca, Dr. Timothy Leary, a Harvard psychologist, ate seven of the mushrooms given him by a scientist from the University of Mexico. "I was whirled through an experience which could be described in many... 

Tin has a long, colorful history. This metal was discovered first in Thailand over 2000 years ago. Early craftsmen discovered that bronze - a noncorrosive metal that is extremely hard and strong enough to be used for spears, swords, arrows, and other especially important objects at that time - could be produced by smelting tin with copper. Tin is also the primary constituent of pewter. Long ago, people developed the belief that trace amounts of tin seemed to help prevent fatigue and depression, and that drinking out of tin cups could help combat these ailments. Tin... 

To inform and entertain by presenting the colorful history, uses, effects, or examples of a word, expression, or concept ( soul food, Zy-deco music, drive-in movie theaters, Kwanzaa )... 

Word has it that the only thing dirtier in Louisiana than the Mississippi River is its politicians. Whatever your opinion, Baton Rouge, named after the blood-stained stakes that native inhabitants would use to mark their territory, certainly has a colorful history. Find out more at the Baton Rouge Visitor Information Center at the State Capitol. 

Although the solanaceous drugs have a long and colorful history of use... 

Chemistry is a rich science, both in terms of its vast and varied content and its colorful history. Its development ran almost entirely independently of physics, and until the twentieth century there were only limited areas of interaction and reconciliation... 

Density Functional Theory and the Local Density Approximation Even in light of the insights afforded by the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, our problem remains hopelessly complex. The true wave function of the system may be written as i/f(ri, T2, T3,. .., Vf ), where we must bear in mind, N can be a number of Avogadrian proportions. Furthermore, if we attempt the separation of variables ansatz, what is found is that the equation for the i electron depends in a nonlinear way upon the single particle wave functions of all of the other electrons. Though there is a colorful history of attempts to cope with these difficulties, we skip forth to the major conceptual breakthrough that made possible a systematic approach to these problems. 

Retro-ene reactions and 4 + 2 cycloreversions represent additional practical pyrolytic approaches to silenes. Silylene-to-silene isomerization is of mechanistic interest and has gone through a colorful history. Several other pyrolytic reaction types also lead to silenes (Chart 6). 

Light Absorption Spectrometry Light absorption spectrometry (molecular absorption) (LAS) has several names, and includes techniques such as UV/VIS (visible) spectrometry, colorimetry, flame molecular absorption, reflectance spectrometry, turbidimetry, nephelometry, ring oven technique, ion test paper and spot tests. Its colorful history and principles may be found in the older, classical books on analytical chemistry. Upor et al. (1985) have an entire volume on photometric methods in inorganic trace analysis in the respected Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry series covering interference separation and analyte concentration, preparation of samples, factors... 

The opium poppy Papaver somnifemm) is an important medicinal plant with a colorful history. Opium, the dried latex of unripe capsules of P. somnifemm, contains more than 80 isoqui-noline alkaloids. The main alkaloids in opium are morphine (4-21%), followed by codeine. 

Borda counting (37) has a colorful history. Developed in response to dissatisfaction with the often paradoxical outcome of plural votes used to elect members to the French Academy of Sciences, it was eventually adopted by the Academic as a superior system, until that decision was reversed by Napolean in the early 19th century. Incidentally, Kenneth Arrow received the 1972 Nobel Prize in Economics in part for his theorem, a corollary of which is that the only voting system without paradoxes is a dictatorship (38). 

J Henkel. FDA Home Page, http //vm.cfsan.fda.gov (accessed Dec 1997), A Colorful History. 

Due to their association with muscle PS, AAs attract the interest of athletes, and thus have a colorful history in the athletic community. Researchers and athletes have been well aware that specific combinations of AAs, especially high intakes or infusions of one or more of the AA, can lead to changes in behavior, hormone production, and rates of PS (specifically muscle). This knowledge has led them in search of AA solutions to the performance holy grail. ... 

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