Hallucinogens and Phencyclidine

LSD derivatives contained in plants (e.g., morning glory seeds) 

Prescription and nonprescription anticholinergics Antiparkinson drugs Trihexyphenidyl (Artane) 

Anticholinergics used in gastrointestinal disorders Over-the-counter antiasthma drugs Note. Cannabis not included here. 

Tryptamine-related hallucinogens are naturally occurring plant alkaloids or their chemically synthesized derivatives. Some of them are related to sub- 

Tryptamine itself is found in all major centers of the brain. Its physiologic role in central nervous system (CNS) function, however, remains unclear. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) is an important neurotransmitter in the CNS. The structural similarity of the tryptamine-related hallucinogens with 5-HT presumably forms the neurochemical basis for their action within the CNS. 

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The tests are designed to predict which of seven categories of drug the suspect may have used (1) CNS depressants, (2) CNS stimulants, (3) cannabinoids, (4) phencyclidine, (5) opioids, (6) hallucinogens, and (7) inhalants. The combination of results from the laboratory analysis of the blood or urine sample and from the 12-step evaluation test will help decide whetherthe defendant was impaired at the time of the stop. 

We have described the mesolimbic dopamine pathway and the neuropharmacology of reward and have specifically emphasized the mechanism of action of several classes of dmgs of abuse, including stimulants (cocaine and amphetamines), hallucinogens, designer drugs and phencyclidine, nicotine, marijuana, opiates, alcohol, benzodiazepines, and sedative-hypnotics. We have even mentioned how receptors and the mesolimbic dopamine pathway could play a role in the psychopharmacology of obesity. 

Drugs which lack the effects of LSD but which are hallucinogenic, such as the cannabinoids (e.g. delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol from cannabis), bufotenin and phencyclidine. 

Micro-solid phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of stimulants, hallucinogens, ketamine and phencyclidine in oral fluids. Anal Chim Acta 675(2) 132-137. doi 10.1016/j.aca.2010.07.011... 

Finally, a fourth class of hallucinogens includes phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust ) and the related compound ketamine. These are often referred to as the dissociative anesthetics because of their ability to produce surgical anesthesia while the individual remains at least semiconscious. Dissociative anesthetics arc thought to act through a receptor that influences activity of the excitatory amino acid ncurotransmittcr, glutamate (Balazs, Bridges, Cotman, 2006). 

Phencyclidine. Phencyclidine (PCP) was inirnduced us u dissociulive uncsihclic lor animul.s. Its close slruclural rclu-livc ketamine is still so used and muy he used in humans (Chapter 14). In humans. I CP produces u sense of intoxication. hallucinogenic experiences not unlike those pnxluced hy the unticholinergic hallucinogens, and oUten amnesia. 

This receptor is not an analgesic receptor, but we have seen that it can be activated by certain opiate molecules such as nalorphine. When activated, it produces hallucinogenic effects. The a receptor may be the one associated with the hallucinogenic and psychotomimetic effects of phencyclidine (PCP), otherwise known as angel dust (Fig. 12.45). 

Wilkins, J. N., Mellott, K. G., Markvitsa, R., and Gorelick, D. A. (2003) Management of stimulant, hallucinogen, marijuana, phencyclidine, and club drug intoxication and withdrawal, in Principles of Addiction Medicine (Graham, A. W, Schultz, T. K., Mayo-Smith, M. E, Ries, R. K., and Wilford, B. B., eds.), American Society of Addiction Medicine, Chevy Chase, MD, pp. 671-695.. 

Glassification of Substance-Related Disorders. The DSM-IV classification system (1) divides substance-related disorders into two categories (/) substance use disorders, ie, abuse and dependence and (2) substance-induced disorders, intoxication, withdrawal, delirium, persisting dementia, persisting amnestic disorder, psychotic disorder, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, sexual dysfunction, and sleep disorder. The different classes of substances addressed herein are alcohol, amphetamines, caffeine, caimabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics, polysubstance, and others. On the basis of their significant socioeconomic impact, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and opioids have been selected for discussion herein. 

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