Hallucinogens, abuse

Alcohol Abuse, Alcohol Dependence Amphetamine Abuse, Amphetamine Dependence Cannabis Abuse, Cannabis Dependence Cocaine Abuse, Cocaine Dependence Hallucinogen Abuse, Hallucinogen Dependence Inhalant Abuse, Inhalant Dependence Nicotine Dependence Opiate Abuse, Opiate Dependence Phencyclidine Abuse, Phencyclidine Dependence... 

It is too soon to know whether Salvia divinorum will play a role in a new wave of hallucinogen abuse. That this will not be the case is suggested by reports by Siebert and others that the effects of the substance are often unpleasant and users do not seek to repeat the experience. Still it is useful to recall the upheavals that once took place, in order that knowledge of the past may help to prevent the repetition of it. 

Crude preparations of mescaline (61) from peyote were first reported by the Spanish as they learned of its use from the natives of Mexico during the Spanish invasion of that country in the sixteenth century. The colorful history (44) of mescaline has drawn attention to its use as a hallucinogen and even today it is in use among natives of North and South America. Although in connection with dmg abuse complaints, mescaline is considered dangerous, it has been reported (45) that it is not a narcotic nor is it habituating. It was also suggested that its sacramental use in the Native American Church of the United States be permitted since it appears to provoke only visual hallucination while the subject retains clear consciousness and awareness. 

Glassification of Substance-Related Disorders. The DSM-IV classification system (1) divides substance-related disorders into two categories (/) substance use disorders, ie, abuse and dependence and (2) substance-induced disorders, intoxication, withdrawal, delirium, persisting dementia, persisting amnestic disorder, psychotic disorder, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, sexual dysfunction, and sleep disorder. The different classes of substances addressed herein are alcohol, amphetamines, caffeine, caimabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics, polysubstance, and others. On the basis of their significant socioeconomic impact, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and opioids have been selected for discussion herein. 

History, Prevalence of Abuse, and Pharmacology of Hallucinogenic Phenylalkylamine Derivatives... 

Pontieri FE, Tanda G, Orzi F, et al Effects of nicotine on the nucleus accumbens and similarity to those of addictive drugs. Nature 382 235-237, 1996 Pontieri FE, Zocchi A, Orzi F Mapping of functional changes associated with administration of substances of abuse in the rat. Funct Neurol 13 311-326, 1998 Preble E, Laury GV Plastic cement the ten cent hallucinogen. Int J Addict 2 271— 272, 1967... 

Recent controversy about the recreational abuse and potential therapeutic use of designer drugs has focused attention on MDA (methylenedioxyampheta-mine HCl) and structurally related phenylisopropylamine compounds, including MDMA istructural analogs of the psychomotor stimulant amphetamine and the hallucinogen mescaline, and produce stimulant and/or hallucinogenic effects (Shulgin 1978). 

The stimulation of locomotor activity by MDMA and the importance of mesolimbic dopamine in this response reflect similarities with the prototype phenylethylamine stimulant, amphetamine. It is important to note that these parameters are frequently associated with rewarding aspects of drugs and drug abuse. Additionally, the behavioral profiles of MDMA and I E share certain characteristics with hallucinogen-Iike agents. This unique mixture of stimulus properties and neurochemical actions may contribute to a dangerous behavioral toxicity and neurotoxic potential for drugs like MDMA. 

Anderson, G.M. Braun, G. Braun, U. Nichols, D.E. and Shulgin, A.T. Absolute configuration and psychotomimetic activity. In Barnett, G. Trsic, M. and Willette, R., eds. Quasar Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships of Analgesics, Narcotic Antagonists, and Hallucinogens. National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph 22. Rockville, MD the Institute, 1978. pp. 8-15. 

The current frequency of use of hallucinogens is virtually impossible to determine. Epidemiologic studies of drug abuse are fraught with many difficulties. Data are largely anecdotal, and it is well known that what people say and what they do may be quite different. To compound the difficulty, even the most... 

The authors are grateful for U. S. Public Health Service grants DA-01642 (R.A.G.), DA-01916, and DA-02189 (D.E.N.) from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. These have allowed us to carry out many of the reported studies and to continue probing the structure-activity relationships of hallucinogenic drugs. 

Schedule I—The drug or other substance has (1) a high potential for abuse, (2) no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and (3) a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision. Examples Ecstasy, heroin, marijuana, and the hallucinogens peyote, mescaline, psilocybin, and LSD. 

Research Report Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs, Bethesda, Md. National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH Publication No. 01-4209, March 2001. 

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