Other Hallucinogens

As with many other hallucinogens, ketamine use may be associated with flashbacks. These flashbacks are generally milder and less frequent than those associated with PCP use (Fine and Finestone 1973). Generally, treatment with an antipsychotic is not required and can occasionally make symptoms worse (Solhkhah et al. 2000). 

Escape behavior, effects of LSD and other hallucinogens on, 79-80 Excitatory 5-HT receptors effects of hallucinogens on activity of, 55-56... 

Gessner, P. K. (1970) Pharmacological studies of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, LSD, and other hallucinogens. In Psychotomimetic Drugs, edited by D. Efron, pp. 105-122. Raven Press, New York. 

Mg/kg LSD is given at 3 hourly intervals with the animals being tested only after the last injection (32). Cross tolerance has been observed to other indole and phenylalkylamine hallucinogens (11). Similar effects were also reported for other hallucinogens (10) with an order of potency that paralleled that seen in humans (2) that is, the (hallucinogenic) -isomer of LSD was about 10 times as potent as psilocybin and 100 times as potent as mescaline (10). 

As discussed, PCP, ditran, and scopolamine exert anticholinergic action. This property apparently is not linked to the hallucinogenic action of these molecules, however, since other hallucinogens, such as LSD and mescaline, do not affect cholinergic systems in doses sufficient to provoke hallucinatory-like behaviors in animals (67). Nevertheless, Revuelta et al. (96) noted a decreased turnover... 

Clear similarities exist between the effects of LSD and those of other hallucinogens on catecholaminergic systems. Anden et al. (5) noted that psilocybin and DMT accelerate NE turnover in the rat brain. Hallucinogens of other chemical series, notably methoxyamphetamines (e.g., DOM) (68) and THC (13), also increase the rate of synthesis and utilization of NE in brain. The increase due to THC probably involves a direct action of the drug, since an enhanced conversion of 3H-tyrosine into 3H-NE was found in synaptosomes incubated in the presence of 3 to 10 fiM THC (13). 

Figure 3.3 This graph shows the annual numbers of new users of Ecstasy, LSD, and PCP from 1965-2000. Starting in the 1990s, Ecstasy use increased in an extraordinary fashion and surpassed even the highest levels of LSD and PCP used. During this same timeframe, the use of other hallucinogens stayed approximately the same.

It is difficult to assess chronic cognitive effects of LSD or other hallucinogens in humans. This research faces the problem of lacking premorbid data, uncertainty of the actual drug used, and concurrent use of other... 

Ahn HS, Makman MH. (1979). Interaction of LSD and other hallucinogens with dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in primate brain regional differences. Brain Res. 162(1) 77-88. 

Other hallucinogenic drugs including substances related to LSD are mentioned under delirium. Phencyclidine and ketamine can also produce similar hallucinatory states without delirium including time distortion, distortion of body image, synaesthesia, visual hallucinations, depersonalisation, derealisation, paranoid ideation and a schizophreniform psychosis which includes the negative symptoms of schizophrenia (Gorelick Balster, 1995). 

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