Hallucinogens toxicity

Paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) has a hallucinogenic potency about five times that of mescaline and three times that of MDA. Because of its high toxicity, it caused fatal intoxications shortly after it became available on the street in the early 1970s (Cimbura 1974). Some of the fatalities were apparently due to the fact that the substance was sold to users as MDA because of the higher potency of PMA, severe intoxication (i.e., hypertensive crisis, seizures, death) occurred. 

Lincoff GH, Mitchel DH Toxic and Hallucinogenic Mushroom Poisoning A Handbook for Physicians and Mushroom Hunters. Edited by Williams WK. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977... 

The stimulation of locomotor activity by MDMA and the importance of mesolimbic dopamine in this response reflect similarities with the prototype phenylethylamine stimulant, amphetamine. It is important to note that these parameters are frequently associated with rewarding aspects of drugs and drug abuse. Additionally, the behavioral profiles of MDMA and I E share certain characteristics with hallucinogen-Iike agents. This unique mixture of stimulus properties and neurochemical actions may contribute to a dangerous behavioral toxicity and neurotoxic potential for drugs like MDMA. 

In the United States, more than 700 species of plants are known to be poisonous. On occasion death occurs from eating poisonous plants, berries, seeds, or tubers. It has been estimated that 75,000 cases of plant poisoning occur annually with children being the prime victims. Adult poisoning often results from the consumption of therapeutic teas or use of toxic weed, such as hemp, as hallucinogens and mind-altering drugs. 

Halpern JH, Pope HG Jr. (1999). Do hallucinogens cause residual neuropsychological toxicity Drug Alcohol Depend. 53(3) 247-56. 

Hallucinogens LSD (lysergide) Psilocybin, psilocin DMT, mescaline DOM, STP + Distortion of perception, mood, and thought -H-M- Neurotoxicity Flashbacks Toxic psychosis... 

PMA (PARAMETHOXYAMPHETAMINE) Highly toxic hallucinogenic compound linked to sudden collapse and seizures, structurally similar to MDMA and occasionally substituted as such. 

Because of high demand, ecstasy pills are frequently mixed with fillers and other active substances, most commonly amphetamines (speed), caffeine, and ephedrine (a natural amphetamine-like substance). Some pills have been found to contain DXM (dextromethorphan), a dissociative psychedelic found in some cough medicine, and PMA (paramethoxyamphetamine), a highly toxic hallucinogenic stimulant. 

Neither animal nor human toxicity studies of Salvia divinorum have been done. Very little scientific data exist in regard to adverse effects of the substance on the functioning of the human body. However, hallucinogens have been associated with harmful mental effects. 

There is little information about the toxicity of 2C-B as there are only a limited number of studies done on the drug. However, some conclusions can be draw about its physiological effects based on studies of drugs that are chemically similar to 2C-B. The drug binds to serotonin receptors in the brain, which is why it has hallucinogenic properties. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter or messenger substance that carries information through the peripheral and central nervous systems. 

Contraindications May cause temporary constipation and difficulty in urination. Nutmeg oils increase fat deposits on liver. Safrole is carcinogenic and toxic to liver. Beneficial as spice or in small amounts not recommended as hallucinogen. 

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