Hallucinogens, analysis

Green, J. P., Johnson, C. L., Weinstein, H., Kang, S., and Chou, D. (1978) Molecular determinants for interaction with the LSD receptor Biochemical studies and quantum chemical analysis. In The Psychopharmacology of Hallucinogens, edited by R. C. Stillman and R. E. Willette, pp. 28-60. Pergamon Press, New York. 

Hallucinations, hallucinogen-induced experimental analysis of, 15-16 imagery in, 15-16... 

These studies illustrate the point that the analysis of hallucinogen effects on spinal reflexes in intact animals may provide important information regarding the role of tonically active functionally depressant descending systems that would otherwise be lacking in the spinally transected preparation. 

Partitioning into the CNS will be important for hallucinogens, as for any drug that acts centrally. Correlation between 1-octanol/water partition coefficients and human activity has been reported (13). Regression analysis of log human activity on log P yielded a parabolic fit with an optimum at log P 3.14. The derived equation accounted for only 62% of the variance but included compounds with a variety of substitution patterns and, presumably, qualitative differences in activity. 

Oo-koo-he " He was barely able to believe his ears. It must have been incredible to him that this strange, weak creature, like something from another world, should directly inquire after a secret tradition of his people. I have no idea how many cultural conventions were overlooked, but after a bit more conversation, or what passes for conversation between people who share no common language, I was sure that he would try to help me. Days later, on my twenty-fifth birthday, I was brought a tarry goo wrapped into little leaf packets. I was never able to obtain a hallucinogenic experience from this material, but later analysis by the chemists of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm confirmed the presence of di-methyltryptamine. Demetrius had been as good as his name. 

The tests are designed to predict which of seven categories of drug the suspect may have used (1) CNS depressants, (2) CNS stimulants, (3) cannabinoids, (4) phencyclidine, (5) opioids, (6) hallucinogens, and (7) inhalants. The combination of results from the laboratory analysis of the blood or urine sample and from the 12-step evaluation test will help decide whetherthe defendant was impaired at the time of the stop. 

Participation in this ceremony was the climax of our expedition. It brought confirmation that the hojas de la Pastora were used by the Indians for the same purpose and in the same ceremonial milieu as teonanacatl, the sacred mushrooms. Now we also had authentic plant material, not only sufficient for botanical identification, but also for the planned chemical analysis. The inebriated state that Gordon Wasson and my wife had experienced with the hojas had been shallow and only of short duration, yet it had exhibited a distinctly hallucinogenic character. 

Recent investigations 1 2) of the hallucinogenic Mexican mint Salvia divinorum have resulted in the isolation of the phannacologically active diterpene salvinorin (divinorin) A (1) and its desacetyl analog salvinorin B (2). Extensive H and l C NMR studies on these /raz/.s-clerodanes and their derivatives, ) as well as single-crystal X-ray analysis, have led to the fonnulation of the structures of these compounds. The absolute chemistry of the salvinorins was postulated based on the observed negative n jc Cotton effect of the 1-ketone around 295 nm in their circular dichroism (CD) spectra. 1 2)... 

Chilcoat, H.D. and Schutz, C.G., Age-specific patterns of hallucinogen use in the U.S. population an analysis using generalized additive models, Drug Alcohol Depend., 43, 143, 1996. 

According to a special analysis of NHSDA and MTF data, the United States experienced a hallucinogen use epidemic in the 90s that peaked in 1996 among predominantly white youths aged 14 to 24. Use remained approximately stable until 1999, then dropped off slightly in 2000 and 2001. This renewal of interest in LSD spurred reports on the dmg in major newspapers such as the New York Times and Washington Post, as well as on TV news programs. 

The psychotropic effects of Salvia divinorum have generated interest among psychopharmacologists and other scientists. Chemical analysis of the plant has succeeded in identifying the active substance, which is now known as salvinorin A. Research on animals and human volunteers indicates that the psychoactive effects of salvinorin A are comparable to those of mescaline. As little as 200-500 meg of salvinorin A will reliably produce hallucinations in people, when the crystallized substance is vaporized over a flame and inhaled. On the basis of effective dose, salvinorin A is the most potent natural hallucinogen known. The leaves have been determined to contain 1—4 mg of salvinorin A per gram of dry weight. 

Glennon, R.A., Kier, L.B. and Shulgin, A.T. (1979). Molecular Connectivity Analysis of Hallucinogenic Mescaline Analogs. J.Pharm.ScL, 68,906. 

Allen, J.W., Gartz, J. Guzman, G. (1992). Index to the botanical identification and chemical analysis of the known species of the hallucinogenic fungi. Integration, 2 3, 9197. Allen, J.W. Merlin, M.D. (1992). Psychoactive mushroom use in Koh Samui and Koh Pha-Ngan, Thailand. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 35, 205228. 

Possibly as a result of the social implications of the hallucinogenic j5-phenethyl-amines and simple isoquinoline alkaloids, a large number of new plant species suspected to contain these structural types have been closely scrutinized with the aid of sensitive analytical methods. Thus, extensive screening of a large variety of cactus species has been carried out. G.c. analysis has indicated the presence of trace amounts of dimers and trimers of phenethylamine and tetrahydroiso-quinoline types " while combination g.c.-mass spectrometry has enabled rapid identification of alkaloids of 120 cactus species." High voltage electrophoresis has been used for quantitative alkaloid determination.Useful structural information may be obtained from the technique of chemical ionization mass spectrometry. ... 

Guzmdn, G. and J. Ott 1976. Description and chemical analysis of a new species of hallucinogenic Psilocybe from the Pacific Northwest Mycologia 68 (6) 1261-1267,... 

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