Intoxication hallucinogen

A Ndhuatl Indian dictionary prepared in 1571 distinguished a "mushroom of divine inebriation from other "nandcatls, and another published in 1885 included the names for several inebriating mushrooms. In a translation of the latter, Teonandcatl is described as a "species of little mushrooms of bad taste, intoxicating, hallucinogenic. ... 

Phencyclidine. Phencyclidine (PCP) was inirnduced us u dissociulive uncsihclic lor animul.s. Its close slruclural rclu-livc ketamine is still so used and muy he used in humans (Chapter 14). In humans. I CP produces u sense of intoxication. hallucinogenic experiences not unlike those pnxluced hy the unticholinergic hallucinogens, and oUten amnesia. 

Glassification of Substance-Related Disorders. The DSM-IV classification system (1) divides substance-related disorders into two categories (/) substance use disorders, ie, abuse and dependence and (2) substance-induced disorders, intoxication, withdrawal, delirium, persisting dementia, persisting amnestic disorder, psychotic disorder, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, sexual dysfunction, and sleep disorder. The different classes of substances addressed herein are alcohol, amphetamines, caffeine, caimabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics, polysubstance, and others. On the basis of their significant socioeconomic impact, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and opioids have been selected for discussion herein. 

DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association 2000) criteria for hallucinogen intoxication are presented in Table 6-3. The normally used quantity of LSD ingested ranges from 30 to 400 pg, but doses as low as 20 pg may cause clinically detectable symptoms (Strassman 1984). However, tolerance to the effect of LSD develops relatively quickly, so that chronic users increase their dose over time. 

The active drug and metabolites can be detected from the urine by thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. However, assays are available only at specialized centers. Treatment of acute intoxication with mescaline is virtually identical to the treatment outlined for LSD intoxication. DOM-induced vasospasm responds well to intra-arterial tolazohne or sodium nitroprusside. Major life-threatening complications of hallucinogenic amphetamine derivatives include hyperthermia, hypertension, convulsions, cardiovascular collapse, and self-inflicted trauma. 

Paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) has a hallucinogenic potency about five times that of mescaline and three times that of MDA. Because of its high toxicity, it caused fatal intoxications shortly after it became available on the street in the early 1970s (Cimbura 1974). Some of the fatalities were apparently due to the fact that the substance was sold to users as MDA because of the higher potency of PMA, severe intoxication (i.e., hypertensive crisis, seizures, death) occurred. 

Some patients were attracted by the challenge of the risk in using PCP, i.e., not knowing what would happen. Three types of acute intoxication responses were described stimulation, depression, and hallucinogenic. Many patients reported being able to predict... 

Many patients with hallucinogen, marijuana, or inhalant intoxication respond to reassurance, but short-term antianxiety and/or antipsychotic therapy can be used. 

Cannabis in large amounts has some hallucinogen-like activity. Nevertheless, the other features of this intoxication are sufficiently different to merit a separate classification for this drug. 

Psilocybe intoxication is very similar to other monoamine hallucinogens in terms of the subjective and hallucinogenic effects. Similar to other monoamine hallucinogens, psilocybe mushroom intoxication produces sympathomimetic features of tachycardia, hypertension, and hyperreflexia (Peden et al. 1982). Many experience nausea and vomiting. Perceptual distortions are primarily visual, but paresthesia and feelings of depersonalization also occur. The acute effects of psilocybe intoxication are shorter-lived than LSD, typically lasting 4-6 hours and completely clearing by 12 hours. 

Persson H. and Karlson-Stiber, C. Cytotoxic fungi - an overview, Toxicon, in press. Pierrot, M., Josse, P., Raspiller, M.F., Goulmy, M., Rambourg, M.O., Manel, J. and Lambert, H. (2000). Intoxication by hallucinogenic mushrooms, Ann. Med. Interne (Paris), 151, Suppl. B B16-19. 

Theobroma stSircanum or other Theobroma species to make an intoxicating snuff. Snuff is not a hallucinogenic, hut it does produce inehriation k The Tukanoan peoples of the Vaupes ruh a decoction of the leaf briskly over sprains and bruises. The leaf juice is taken orally to induce vomiting and... 

Finally, some patients may die before hospitalization because the behavioral effects of the ingested drug may result in traumatic injury. Intoxication with alcohol and other sedative-hypnotic drugs is a common contributing factor to motor vehicle accidents. Patients under the influence of hallucinogens such as phencyclidine (PCP) or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may suffer trauma when they become combative or fall from a height. 

A. Yes. It appears that number of different Salvia species have different forms of psychoactivity. In addition some other members of the mint family (to which genus Salvia belongs) are psychoactive ( psychoactive means that a substance effects mood, alertness, thinking, emotion, or perception, most psychoactive substances are not hallucinogenic), for example there is a Central Asian mint known as intoxicating mint (Lagochiles inebriens) whose leaves are reportedly toasted and then brewed into a sedative tea. 

Both indoleamine (e.g., lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD psilocybin) and phenethylamine hallucinogens (e.g., mescaline) increased pupil diameter.26 There have been no systematic studies of the effects of these drugs on dynamic measures of the light reflex. Phencyclidine (PCP) does not cause marked changes in pupil size or light reflex. However, subjects intoxicated with PCP often show horizontal and vertical nystagmus.26... 

Hallucinogen intoxication includes visual illusions visual trails, in which the image smears into streaks as it moves across a trail macropsia and micropsia emotional and mood lability subjective slowing of time the sense that colors are heard and sounds are seen intensification of sound perception depersonalization and derealization. All these effects may be experienced while yet retaining a state of full wakefulness and alertness. Other changes may include impaired judgment, fear of... 

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