Classification systems for

Some U.S. governmental lubricant requirements for nontactical equipment is now acquired as Commercial Item Descriptions (CID), rather than against specific military numbers. A new classification system for shear-stable, high VI hydraulic fluids was balloted by ASTM in 1994. 

Viscosity Glassifications. The general ISO iatemational viscosity classification system for iadustrial oils is given ia Table 4 from ASTM D2422 (American National Standard Z11.232). For high speed machines, ISO viscosity-grade 32 turbiae and hydrauHc oils are a common choice. ISO grades 68 and 100 are appHed for more load capacity ia slower speed machines where power loss and temperature rise are less of a question. 

Fig. 1. SAE J200 Classification system for ASTM No. 3 oil where in volume swell nr = no requirement. EPDM is ethylene—propylene—diene monomer HR, butyl mbber SBR, styrene—butadiene mbber NR, natural mbber VMQ, methyl vinyl siUcone CR, chloroprene FKM, fluoroelastomer FVMQ, fluorovinyl methyl siUcone ACM, acryUc elastomers HSN, hydrogenated nitrile ECO, epichlorohydrin and NBR, nitrile mbber.

Table 9 shows the classification system for blacks most commonly used in mbber. The ASTM numbering system is based on the fundamental particle si2e of the black. Particle si2e is deterrnined by several methods, including iodine absorption, nitrogen absorption, and light scattering. 

There are at least four different classification systems for cemented carbides (7,12). The U.S. system is based on relative performance the U.K. system is based on properties, and the former USSR system on composition the fourth system, widely used in Europe and supported by the ISO, is based on apphcation and chip form. In this article, the U.S. system and the ISO system are briefly reviewed. 

Title I allows the EPA to define the boundaries of "nonattainment" areas for ozone, CO, and PMjg. Emission standards for these areas will be based on a new set of "nonattainment categories." EPA has established a classification system for ozone design values (goals) and attainment deadlines. Table 24-2 lists these parameters. 

Develop a general classification system for dry bulk chemical additives and filter aids based on ease of feeding to a filtering machine. 

Employ a classification system for identifying information that requires different security measures. 

The USEPA classification system for weight of evidence is shown in Table 11.6.1. This system is adapted from the approach taken by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC). 

Early in this chapter (Section 2.3) we will introduce a classification system for elements known as the periodic table. It will prove useful in this chapter and throughout the remainder of this text ... 

The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes the use of an Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system for the collection and analysis of data on drug use. This was originally developed by Scandinavian authorities, and uses a combination of anatomical, therapeutic and chemical criteria to assign drugs to an individual class. The top-level categories, which are anatomically based, are listed in Table 3.2. 

Ay H, Eurie KL, Singhal A, Smith WS, Sorensen AG, Koroshetz WJ. An evidence-based causative classification system for acute ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 2005 58 688-697. 

The National Kidney Foundation (NKF) developed a classification system for CKD (Table 23-11.1 The staging system defines the stages of CKD based on GFR level, but also accounts for evidence of kidney damage in the absence of changes in GFR, as in stage 1 CKD. The GFR is calculated using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation ... 

TABLE 85-2. TNM Staging Classification System for Colorectal Cancer... 

TABLE 89-3. Staging and Classification Systems for Prostate Cancer... 

Compare the classification systems for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). 

FDA, Guidance for Industry. Waiver of in vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence studies for immediate-release solid oral dosage forms based on a biopharmaceutics classification system. For further informatio, visit http // www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/ index.htm. 

Armitage GC Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann Periodontol 1999 4 1-6. 

Katzbauer B, Narodoslawsky B, Moser A (1995) Classification system for immobilization techniques. Bioprocess Eng 12 173-179... 

Tables 40-1 and 40-2 present the revised classification systems for adult and child HIV infection. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection in Adults and AIDS Surveillance Case Definition... 

Classification System for Patients with Chronic Bronchitis and Initial Treatment Options... 

A pressure sore is also called a decubitus ulcer and bed sore. A classification system for pressure sores is presented in Table 47-5. Many factors are thought to predispose patients to the formation of pressure ulcers paralysis, paresis, immobilization, malnutrition, anemia, infection, and advanced age. Four factors thought to be most critical to their formation are pressure, shearing forces, friction, and moisture however, there is still debate as to the exact pathophysiology of pressure sore formation. The areas of highest pressure are generated over the bony prominences. 

A consensus-derived definition and classification system for ARF has been proposed and is being validated (Fig. 75-1). Components of the system include both GFR and UOP plus two clinical outcomes. Definitions of risk of dysfunction, injury to and /ail ure of the kidney, loss of function, and end-stage kidney disease are included in the RIFLE acronym. 

Saier, M. H. Jr (2000). A functional-phylogenetic classification system for transmembrane solute transporters, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 64, 354-411. 

Kidd, K.E. and Kidd, M.A. (1970). A classification system for glass beads for the use of field archaeologists. Canadian Historic Sites Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History 1 45-89. 

Drug-related problems can be defined as Any undesirable event experienced by the patient that involves or is suspected to involve drug therapy and that actually or potentially interferes with a desired patient outcome (Strand et al. 1990). This is a vital component of Pharmaceutical Care and Clinical Pharmacy and will be described more in detail in another chapter. It should however be noted that there are several definitions and classification systems for DRPs. A literature review (van Mil et al. 2004) identified fourteen classifications and their critical elements. In the presented definition a potential problem is a DRP but this is not the case in all definitions and classifications. This is also the case for unavoidable adverse drug reactions (e.g. with cytotoxic agents). 

Publications have over the course of the years proposed several classification systems for organic pigments. Basically, it seems appropriate to adopt a classification system by grouping pigments either by chemical constitution or by coloristic properties. Strict separation of the two classification systems is not very practical, because the categories tend to overlap however, for the purposes of this book it is useful to list pigments according to chemical constitution. 

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