Greatness

At this stage, how great the excess of chlorine should be for Fig. 4.7c to be feasible cannot be specified. Experimental work on the reaction chemistry would be required in order to establish this. However, the size of the excess does not change the basic structure. 

Preliminary process optimization is greatly simplified, as will be seen in the next chapter. 

The design of the heat exchanger network is greatly simplified if the design is initialized with an optimized value for... 

Combined heat and power cogeneration). Combined heat and power generation can have a very significant effect on the generation of utility waste. However, great care must be taken to assess the effects on the correct basis. 

An abridged edition of Miall s Dictionary of Chemistry 5th Edition, edited by Professor D. W. A. Sharp, first published by Longman Group Ltd 1981 First published in Great Britain by Penguin Books 1983 Reprinted 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988... 

Made and printed in Great Britain by Richard Clay Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk Set in Monophoto Times... 

Ordinary commercial camphor is (-i-)-cam phor, from the wood of the camphor tree. Cinnamonum camphora. Camphor is of great technical importance, being used in the manufacture of celluloid and explosives, and for medical purposes, /t is manufactured from pinene through bornyl chloride to camphene, which is either directly oxidized to camphor or is hydrated to isoborneol, which is then oxidized to camphor. A large number of camphor derivatives have been prepared, including halogen, nitro and hydroxy derivatives and sulphonic acids. 

The reaction is of general application and of great importance, and a large number of syntheses have been effected by its use. 

The original method for the manufacture of ethyne, the action of water on calcium carbide, is still of very great importance, but newer methods include the pyrolysis of the lower paraffins in the presence of steam, the partial oxidation of natural gas (methane) and the cracking of hydrocarbons in an electric arc. 

Franck-Condon principle According to this principle the time required for an electronic transition in a molecule is very much less than the period of vibration of the constituent nuclei of the molecule. Consequently, it may be assumed that during the electronic transition the nuclei do not change their positions or momenta. This principle is of great importance in discussing the energy changes and spectra of molecules. 

NH3) are of great commercial importance practically all modem explosives contain high proportions of ammonium nitrate or organic nitro-compounds. Nitrates are also employed as fertilizers. 

Nitro-compounds are prepared by the direct action of nitric acid. The reaction is greatly facilitated if a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acid is used. 

The nitro-hydrocarbons are neutral substances but when a nitro-group is introduced into a phenol or amine the acidic properties are greatly increased or the basicity decreased. The presence of a nitro-group also tends to make halogen atoms in the same molecule much more reactive. 

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