Great Leap Forward

The introduction of automated scanning systems was a great leap forward in the development. That way, the uncertainties of manual probe guidance were eliminated. Usually, these systems were designed for high-frequency surface tests and followed the outer profile of the surface with a probe that could be moved in several axes. A continuous 100 % scan became possible and, as a result, the documentation of the tests with stripchart recorders suggested itself. Now for the first time, wheel testing became retraceable. 

The great leap forward for chromatography was the seminal work of Martin and Synge (7) who in 1941 replaced countercurrent liquid-liquid extraction by partition chromatography for the analysis of amino acids from wool. Martin also realized that the mobile phase could be a gas rather than a liquid, and with James first developed (8) gas chromatography (GC) in 1951, following the gas-phase adsorption-chromatographic separations of Phillips (9). 

If we had asked this question a few years ago, the answer would have been at best equivocal. However, as was pointed out in an earlier chapter, since the enormous progress in the determination of the structure of membrane proteins, we can, on the basis of the X-ray structures of an increasing number of ion transport proteins, begin to advance hypotheses that have more and more likelihood to be close to reality. In the case of Na+ channels we are still pretty much in the dark. However, the successful determination of the structure of a number of K+ channels of both bacterial and mammalian origins represents a great leap forward in our understanding of how these channels function. 

The assessment of the quality of a result must be drawn from a number of observations of the laboratory, the personnel, the methods used, the nature of the result, and so on. The great leap forward in understanding quality came in the twentieth century when people such as Deming, Shewhart, Ishikawa, and Taguchi formulated principles based on the premise that the quality of a product cannot be controlled until something is measured (Deming 1982 Ishikawa 1985 Roy 2001 Shewhart 1931). Once measurement data are available, statistics can be applied and decisions made concerning the future. 

In the last quarter of a century, great leaps forward in our understanding of the molecular events that lead to the innate recognition of pathogens have occurred. One of the seminal discoveries has been the identification of a serum protein, LBP, which binds LPS or LTA and delivers it to its cellular targets (Tobias et al., 1986). Probably the most important discovery has been that the main family of receptors employed by the innate immune system are the TLRs. 

China (nineteenth twentieth centuries), Russia (1921), China (1928-1930), Ukraine (1928-1930), Europe, China India (Second World War), China (Great Leap Forward, 1959-1962) aA (insect) (P-Factor Xlla (human, pig) [anti-insect]... 

The response of the sectarians and the regulars was swift. For the botanies, Hammond s order was heralded as a great leap forward for... 

In another example of the exemplum being mistaken for reality, during the disastrous Great Leap Forward in the late 1950s, Mao Tse-tung s subordinates set up elaborate, deceptive tableaux of healthy peasants and bumper crops along the route that his train would follow. 

This book is restricted essentially to aqueous-phase catalyses and thus to one area of the more comprehensively defined two-phase catalyses. This restriction to the most recent and successful development of homogeneous catalysis takes account of the rapid technical advances in the process concept first described by Manassen et al. in 1973, which was followed in rapid succession in the 1970s by hesitant basic work and in 1984 by the first commercial implementation. This unusual sequence - industrial implementation in a 100000 tonnes per year oxo plant for the hydroformylation of propylene before years of time-consuming basic research to determine mechanistic, kinetic and other data - demonstrates clearly the great leap forward that this process development represented in the field of homogeneous catalysis and in solving the central problem mentioned earlier. Since then... 

As a carnivorous animal, man learns to live off other animals. He also learns, as do most animals, not to kill members of his own species for food. In eschewing the eating of human flesh, man takes a great leap forward in his moral development. 

China in Trouble Consequences of the Great Leap Forward ... 

Rusk to LBJ, Policy toward Communist China, 22 February 1968, ibid, p. 646. A good discussion of the Johnson administration s positive response to the Cultural Revolution as compared to the Kennedy administration s negative reaction to the GLF is provided in Victor Kaufman, A Response to Chaos The United States, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution, 1961-1968, Journal of American-East Asian Relations 7(1-2) (Spring/Summer 1998), pp. 73-92. 

A Response to Chaos The United States, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution, 1961-1968. Journal of American-East Asian Relations 7(1-2) (Spring/Summer 1998), pp. 73-92. 

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