Medical purposes

Ordinary commercial camphor is (-i-)-cam phor, from the wood of the camphor tree. Cinnamonum camphora. Camphor is of great technical importance, being used in the manufacture of celluloid and explosives, and for medical purposes, /t is manufactured from pinene through bornyl chloride to camphene, which is either directly oxidized to camphor or is hydrated to isoborneol, which is then oxidized to camphor. A large number of camphor derivatives have been prepared, including halogen, nitro and hydroxy derivatives and sulphonic acids. 

The radioisotopes Tc and I (see Table 16) are often used for medical purposes. Tc has a half-life of only 6 h, which would normally make it difficult to transport from a production facility to the medical facility. However, one can supply the longer-lived 2.7-d Mo in a chemical form that allows one to separate out, generate or milk, the daughter iTc when the latter is needed. 

Two capabilities of ISS are important in applications to the analysis of ceramics. One of these is its surface sensitivity. Many catalyst systems use ceramics where the surface chemistry of the outer 50 A or less is extremely important to performance. Comparing the ratio of H and O to AI or Si is equally important for many systems involving bonding operations, such as ceramic detectors, thin films, and hydroxyapatite for medical purposes. 

Both polyester- and polyether-based TPU could be used to blend with PVC, although the former constitutes the majority of the commercial products. All of the blends should meet the following requirements (I) they must have good or relatively good compatibility with PVC, (2) their processing temperature should be close to or lower than that of PVC, (3) they have to meet the specific requirements of the products, for example, TPUs used for medical purposes should be colorless (if possible), transparent, nontoxic, and able to be sterilized, and (4) they should not be expensive. 

Since it possesses good properties of both PVC plastics and polyurethane elastomers, it has been used in those areas where PVC and polyurethane have traditionally played dominant roles. For example, it is a very promising replacement for flexible PVC used for medical purposes and in the food industry [I6,l7], because it essentially eliminates the concern regarding plasticizer contamination. It has been used in combination with the copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile (NBR) to make the abrasion-resistant aprons and rolls used on textile machines [18]. A PVC/TPU/ABS blend serves as a substitute for leather [19]. This could have a tremendous impact on the shoe industry. It has also been found to have an application as a building coating [20,21]. This trend will certainly grow and more applications will be found. This in turn should bring new developments in the material itself. 

Ethanol is classified for medical purposes as a central nervous system (CNS) depressant. Its effects—that is, being drunk—resemble the human response to anesthetics. There is an initial excitability and increase in sociable behavior, but this results from depression of inhibition rather than from stimulation. At a blood alcohol concentration of 0.1% to 0.3%, motor coordination is affected, accompanied by loss of balance, slurred speech, and amnesia. When blood alcohol concentration rises to 0.3% to 0.4%, nausea and loss of consciousness occur. Above 0.6%, spontaneous respiration and cardiovascular regulation are affected, ultimately leading to death. The LD50 of ethanol is 10.6 g/kg (Chapter 1 Focus On). 

To answer the first question you need to examine the intended use statement for the product and see if it claims a medical purpose corresponding to any of those contained in the definitions. 

Once you have established a medical purpose, a careful examination of its primary mode of action will allow you to decide whether the product is a drug or device. 

An asthma inhaler is an example of a product that contains both a drug and a drug delivery device. Such a product would be regulated primarily as a drug as it achieves its medical purpose by pharmaceutical means. The inhaler would additionally have to satisfy the requirements of a device. 

Another type of sterile ophthalmic product is the contact lens solution (section 4.5) however, unlike the other types, this is not used for medication purposes but merely as wetting, cleaning and soaking solutions for contact lenses. 

I, + II, + IV, and + V are of interest for chemical reasons but not important for medical purposes, as they are probably not involved in biological processes. 

One more application for medical purposes is a mattress for operating tables, which can be use to avoid the decrease of the body temperature during... 

Figure 164. Hot cushion for medical purposes, (picture from Rubitherm)...

HCF was especially widely used in Western countries. Until 1972, it was included as an active component in soaps, cleansing creams, shampoo, deodorants, creams, and toothpastes. HCF was used for medical purposes, to control staphyllococcus contamination, in particular in maternity hospitals and in the cosmetics industry it was also used as a preservative, etc. It was used in agricultural formulations as well [67]. Although HCF s toxicity was... 

Finally, tin compounds (mainly stannous chloride) have been widely used in the preparation of technetium-99 labelled compounds which are used as tracers for medical purposes. In these syntheses, the tin is used to reduce the metastable technetium-99 from the +7 oxidation state to the +4 oxidation state (equation 55)59,60. 

The so-called microbial fuel cells (MFC) are a completely different type of fuel cell. Here, bacteria are used to convert a bio-usable substrate directly into electricity. In the future, it might be possible to run an MFC for medical purposes by using glucose directly from the patient s bloodstream (Logan et al., 2006). 

Annex VI lists the additives permitted in infant foods and foods for young children. Part 1 lists the few additives allowed in infant formulae for infants in good health, part 2 those allowed in follow-on formulae for infants in good health, and part 3 the additives permitted in weaning foods for infants and young children in good health. Part 4 applies the lists in parts 1-3 to foods for infants and young children for special medical purposes. 

Immunosensors have been developed commercially mostly for medical purposes but would appear to have considerable potential for food analysis. The Pharmacia company has developed an optical biosensor, which is a fully automated continuous-flow system which exploits the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to detect and measure biomolecular interactions. The technique has been validated for determination of folic acid and biotin in fortified foods (Indyk, 2000 Bostrom and Lindeberg, 2000), and more recently for vitamin Bi2. This type of technique has great potential for application to a wide range of food additives but its advance will be linked to the availability of specific antibodies or other receptors for the various additives. It should be possible to analyse a whole range of additives by multi-channel continuous flow systems with further miniaturisation. 

Several people in the 18th and 19th centuries attempted to produce a pure form of zinc oxide for medical purposes. They were unaware that their samples contained cadmium, which at that time was an unknown element. In 1817 Friedrich Strohmeyer (1776—1835), a German chemist, analyzed a zinc compound (calamine) he believed contained zinc oxide (ZnO). However, what he really found was zinc carbonate (ZnCO ), which, though at first unknown to him, contained some cadmium. Strohmeyer then treated his sample with acids until all the zinc was dissolved and thus removed. He then heated the residue with carbon black, resulting in a small ingot of soft, bluish-white metal that proved to be a new element—cadmium. Strohmeyer is given credit for the discovery of cadmium. 

At the beginning of the twentieth century, arsenic compounds were used to kill spirochete bacteria, which cause the sexually transmitted disease syphilis. After this amphetamine compound was used to treat syphilis in Europe, the disease rate was reduced by more than half. The antibiotic penicillin has replaced arsenic for most medical purposes... 

ORIGIN OF NAME Bismuth was known and used by the ancient alchemists along with other metals both for chemical reactions and for medical purposes. The name comes from the German bismu, which had been changed from wismu, meaning "white."... 

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