Lakes composition of the Great

Kramer, J. R. Equilibrium models and composition of the Great Lakes. In Equilibrium concepts in natural water systems (ed. R. F. Gould) Amer. Chem. Soc. Publ. Adv. Chem. 

The application of the index-lake method presented here is only for lakes that are at hydraulic and isotopic steady states. A lake s steady-state isotopic composition is determined by the long-term averages of 8a, 8P, h, P, E, and water and air temperatures, which can vary greatly by the day and season and can vary to some degree annually. Therefore, it is only proper to apply the index-lake method to lakes of similar hydraulic residence time, during which time the averages of these controlling factors are determined. 

Precipitation has not been extensively investigated as an input pathway for toxaphene to the Great lakes. An early report (W. Swain cited in Rice and Evans [4]) stated that samples collected near Lake Huron in 1980-1981 had toxaphene concentrations ranging from 7-108 ngL-1. Rice and Evans [4] reported a concentration of 9 ng L-1 in a composite sample from the southeastern shore of Lake Michigan for the same period. A Great Lakes atmospheric deposition workshop proposed a basin-wide consensus concentration of 0.2ngL-1 for the period 1989-1991 based on measurements in northwestern Ontario [69]. Elsewhere, Harder et al. [70] detected toxaphene in South Car-... 

Fig. 3 Percent homolog composition of tri- to octaCNs in source-related samples from the Great Lakes region for Halowaxes, Aroclors, and industrial fly ashes from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI), a medical waste incinerator (Med Waste), a cement kiln, and an iron sintering plant [126,137,139]...

Fig. 6 Percent homolog composition of tri- to octaCNs in selected sediments and suspended sediments from the Great Lakes [118-120]...

Table 6.6. Average water composition of the Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake, and the ocean...

Nriagu J. O. and Coker R. D. (1978) Isotopic composition of sulphrrr in precipitation within the Great Lakes Basin. Tellus 30, 365-375. 

Weiler R. R. and Nriagu J. O. (1973) Isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon in the Great Lakes. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35, 422—430. 

Shown in Fig. 9.9 are water-composition ranges for some humid-climate streams (in New Jersey), a dilute, freshwater lake (Lake Huron) and lake-bottom muds from the Great Lakes (Sutherland 1970), and deep-soil moisture from Pennsylvania (Sears 1976 Sears and Langmuir 1982). Lake Huron and the Delaware River are dilute, humid-climate waters. They both plot near the kaolinite-gibbsite boundary. Their composition can be described as water dominated. In other words, their chemistries are controlled chiefly by dilution with fresh rainfall and runoff, not by reactions with geological materials. In a study of acid rain (water-dominated) control of soil moisture and ground-water chemistry of a sandy aquifer in Denmark, Hansen and Postma (1995) found that pore waters were close to equilibrium with gibbsite and supersaturated with kaolinite (Fig. 9.9). Precipitation pH = 4.34 at the site, and log([K+]/lH+]) = -0.95. 

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