Canada Great Plains

The remainder of this paper can be restricted to coals of North America, since this is the area for which we have data and in any case other contributors to this collection will deal with the coals of their own areas. The first statement above needs qualification we ourselves have no liquefaction data on Canadian coals, but Ignasiak et al. (48) present some in this collection.Relying, as in the earlier part of this paper, on geological information, we can say that the strata of the North Great Plains and Rocky Mountain provinces continue north into Canada, as does the Pacific province. Nova Scotia contains some Carboniferous coals related to those in the Eastern province. 

Seleniferous formations occur in the Great Plains region from Canada to Mexico, accounting for > 700,000 km2 of the western U.S. Seleniferous soils are frequently associated with Se-containing geological formations (Boon, 1989). As discussed above, seleniferous formations occur in North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas, and New Mexico. Some soils derived from Se-rich parent materials, such as Cretaceous shales of the middle-western United States, have > 10 mg/kg Se and sometimes exceed 50 mg/kg (Reeves and Baker, 2000). 

In the II.S., lignite deposits are located in the northern Great Plains and in the Gulf states. Subbituminous coal is found along the Rocky Mountains. The lignite deposits ol North Dakota and Montana extend into Canada as far as Saskatchewan. Canadian deposits are also located in Alberta. Yukon, the Northwest Territories. Ontario, and Manitoba. 

Throughout western Canada and the central Great Plains of North America, volunteer wheat is becoming a more serious problem (Leeson el al., 2005). This may become a special concern if the volunteer wheat is glyphosate-resistant (Harker el al., 2005). There are also many examples of integration of traits from weeds into crops, and there is some evidence of spread from herbicide-resistant crops into weeds (Gressel, 2002). 

Canada produces limited amounts of safflower, which is aimed primarily at bird feed rather than oil production. Even more so than in the U.S. northern Great Plains, Canada s producers face a tough battle trying to squeeze in a long enough growing season. 

Last, W.M. (1989) Continental brines and evaporites of the northern Great Plains of Canada. Sedimentary Geology 64, 207-221. 

These ecosystems are represented by Central Canadian Mountain Meadow Steppe geographical region. This region is located in the northwestern part of the Great Plains of Central Canada, in the basins of the Mackenzie and Peace rivers, in Alberta and northern Saskatchewan. Annual rainfall here does not exceed 300-400 mm. Mean January temperatures are -27 °C, and mean July temperatures, about 15 °C. 

In North America, plague is found from the Pacific Coast eastward to the western Great Plains and from British Columbia and Alberta, Canada southward to Mexico. Most of the human cases occur in two I egions one in northern New Mexico, northern Arizona, and southern Colorado, another in California, southern Oregon, and tar western Nevada. 

At the Great Plains Synfuels Plant, North Dakota, some 13,000 tons per day of carbon dioxide gas is captured and 5,000 tons of this is piped 320 km into Canada for enhanced oil recovery. This Weyburn oilfield sequesters about 85 m of carbon dioxide per barrel of oil produced, a total of 19 million tons over the project s 20 year Ufe. The first phase of its operation has been judged a success. 

The Great Plains Synfuels Plant near Beulah, North Dakota, operated by the Dakota Gasification Company, provides strong impetus for the use of coal in the United States—the production of synthetic liquid fuel and gaseous fuels. The plant also produces carbon dioxide, which is captured and piped 200 miles north to Saskatchewan, Canada, where it is used for enhanced oil recovery (FOR) in the Weyburn Field. An additional amount of carbon dioxide is discharged to the atmosphere. The plant also produces anhydrous ammonia and ammonium sulfate for agricultural use, as well as a variety of other minor products. 

A key featme of the Great Plains Synfuel Plant is the extraction of CO2 from the synthesis gas. Since 2000, the Great Plains plant has been sending about half of the carbon dioxide that it generates by pipeline to oil fields in Saskatchewan, Canada, for enhanced oil production (see Section 17.8) at a current rate of 4.3 million cubic meters per day (2.5-3 million metric tons per year) and by... 

The great efficiency of the Hutterite grain farmers in the northern Plains states and Canada is but one of many pieces of conflicting evidence. For more, see George Yaney, The Urge to Mobilize Agrarian Reform in Russia (Urbana University of Illinois Press, 1982), pp. 165-69. 

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