Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Smith, J.D., J. Bagg, and B.M. Bycroft. 1984. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the clam Tridacna maxima from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18 353-358. 

Reverse osmosis is now extensively used to reduce salt concentrations in brackish waters and to treat industrial waste water, for example, from pulp mills. Reverse osmosis has also proved economical (the cost can be as low as about 1 per 1000 liters) for large-scale desalination of seawater, a proposition of major interest in the Middle East, where almost all potable water is now obtained by various means from seawater or from brackish wells. Thus, at Ras Abu Janjur, Bahrain, a reverse osmosis plant converts brackish feedwater containing 19,000 ppm dissolved solids to potable water with 260 ppm dissolved solids at a rate of over 55,000 m3 per day, with an electricity consumption of 4.8 kilowatt hours per cubic meter of product. On a 1000-fold smaller scale, the resort community on Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, obtains most of its fresh water from seawater (36,000 ppm dissolved salts) directly by reverse osmosis, at a cost of about 10 per 1000 liters. 

The virenamides A-C (180-182), thiazole-containing cytotoxic linear peptides, were isolated from the colonial ascidian Diplosoma virens collected on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Their structures were... 

Four minor metabolites, psammaplins B-D (503-505) and presammaplin A (506) were isolated from Psammaplysilla purpurea, in addition to psammaplin A (500). Psammaplin B (503) is a thiocyanate bromotyrosine derivative, while psammaplin C (502) is a sulfanamide. Psammaplin D (505) displayed antimicrobial activity and mild tyrosine kinase inhibition [429]. The psammaplins Ai (507) and A2 (508) and aplysinellins A (509) and B (510) were isolated from Aplysinella rhax from both Pohnpei and Palau. These compounds inhibit famesyl protein transferase and leucine aminopeptidase [430]. Another sample of A. rhax from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia contained psammaplin A 11 -sulfate (511) and bisaprasin ll -sulfate (512), both of which inhibited [3H]-l,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine binding to rat brain adenosine Ai receptors [431]. 

Bastaxanthins B, C, D, E, and F (630-634) are novel carotenoid sulfates from the marine sponge Ianthella basta from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia [499]. The stereostructure of bastaxanthin C (631) was determined on the basis of infrared (IR), H and 13C NMR, and CD spectra, and by chemical transformations [500]. Bastaxanthins were also isolated from /. flabelliformis from the Great Barrier Reef including bastaxanthin C (631) (major), B (630), D (632), and F (634) and bastaxanthin G (635) [501]. Bastaxanthin G (635) was not fully characterised but was the most polar of the carotenoids isolated and was tentatively described as a disulfate [501]. 

Lo, C.M., Morgan, J.A.T., Galzin, R. and Cribb, T.H. (2001) Identical digeneans in coral reef fishes from French Polynesia and the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) demonstrated by morphology and molecules. International Journal for Parasitology 31, 1573-1 578. 

Smith, J.D., Bagg, J., Sin, Y.O., 1987. Aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater, sediments and clams from Green Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 38, 501-530. 

Dunlap, W. C., Chalker, B. E., and Oliver, J. K., Bathymetric adaptations of reef-building corals at Davies Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. III. UV-B absorbing compounds, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 104, 239, 1986. 

Sansone F.J. (1985) Methane in the reef flat porewaters of Davies Reef, Great Barrier Reef (Australia). Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti 3, 415-420. 

Fu, P. X., Zhang, Y., BeU, P. R. F., and Hutchins, D. A. (2005). Phosphate uptake and growth kinetics of Trichodesmium (cyanobacterium) isolates from the North Atlantic Ocean and the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. J. Phycol. 41, 62-73. 

Anthony, K. R. N. (2000). Enhanced particle-feeding capacity of corals on turbid reefs (Great Barrier Reef, Australia). Coral Reefs. 19, 59-67. 

Ayukai, T. (1995). Retention of phytoplankton and planktonic microbes on coral reefs within the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs. 14, 141—147. 

HeU, C. A., Chaston, K., Jones, A., Bird, P., Longstaff, B., Costanzo, S., and Dennison, W. C. (2004). Benthic microalgae in coral reef sediments of the southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs. 23(3), 336-343. 

Udy, J., Gall, M., Longstaff, B., Moore, K., Roelfsema, C., Spooner, D. R., and Albert, S. (2005). Water quality monitoring A combined approach to investigate gradients of change in the Great Barrier Reef Australia. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 51, 224-238. 

McCulloch M. T., Gagan M. K., Mortimer G. E., Chivas A. R., and Isdale P. J. (1994) A high-resolution Sr/Ca and coral record from the great barrier reef, Australia, and the 1982-1983 El Nino. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58(12), 2747-2754. 

Harvey, N., 1977. The identification of subsurface solution disconformities on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, between 14°S and 17°S, using shallow seismic refraction techniques. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Coral Reefs, Vol. 2, pp. 45—51. 

Baker, J.C., Jell, J.S., Hacker, J.L.F. Baublys, K.A. (1998) Origin of recent insular phosphate rock on a coral cay - Raine Island, northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Journal of Sedimentary Research 68, 1001-1008. 

Schaffelke, B. (2001) Surface alkaline phosphatase activities of macroalgae on coral reefs of the central Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs 19, 310-317. 

Heil, C.A., Bird, P, and Dennison, W.C. Macroalgal habitat preference of ciguatera dinoflagellates at Heron Island, a coral cay in the southeastern Great Barrier Reef, Australia, in Harmful Algae, Reguera, B., Blanco, J., Fernandez, M.L. and Wyatt, T. Eds., Xunta de Galicia, I.O.C. of UNESCO, 1998, pp. 52-53. 

O Shea OR, Hamann M, Smith W, Taylor H. Predictable pollution an assessment of weather balloons and associated impacts on the marine environment—an example for the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Mar Pollut Bull 2014 79 61-68. 

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