Developments in Great Britain

During World War II mixtures were developed in Great Britain with ammonium picrate as the chief component for rocket propulsion, on the suggestion of the author of the present book. These mixtures also contained sodium or potassium nitrate and a combustible binder. 

The technological aspects of hydrous titanium oxide production were developed in Great Britain. This product is obtained in irregular granular form by precipitation with basic titanium sulfate or chloride solutions. After the precipitation step further granulation of the precipitate is obtained using different methods. A typical product composition is 60% Ti02, 30% HjO, and 10% a mixture of other components, includ-... 

The salt was developed in Great Britain during World War II [162c]. Finely ground (40 g) resorcinol was gradually introduced to 98% nitric acid (400 g) at —15 to —20 C. The low temperature was kept by adding solid carbon dioxide to the nitration vessel. After all the resorcinol was introduced, the nitra-... 

The Magnox reactors, developed in Great Britain and France in the 1950 s and still operating there, operate with CO2 as coolant. The gas temperatures attain a maximum of 420°C and the fuel is natural uranium in metal or oxide form. 

The first diaphragm cell developed in Great Britain was the Hargreaves-Bird cell, operated in 1890 by the United Alkali Company. Each cell consisted of a rectangular iron box lined with cement. The box was 10 ft long, 4—5 ft deep, and 2 ft wide, divided into... 

According to the hterature, the first diaphragm cell developed in Great Britain was the Hargreaves-Bird cell, operated in 1890 by the United Alkali... 

A testing method developed in Great Britain (RARDE Fragment Attack Test) (Barker et al., 1985) will be described here. 

The originator of thermodynamics was the Frenchman Sadi Carnot (1796-1832). Carnot was interested in the steam engines which had been developed in Great Britain by Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729) and improved by James Watt (1736-1819). It was clear to Carnot that the efficiency of the steam engine was still very low, and he tried to deduce on theoretical grounds how it might be improved. He used the caloric theory of heat, which was still in vogue in spite of Rumford s work, but this did not affect the validity of his conclusions. 

The gas-cooled reactors were developed in Great Britain using CO2 as the gas coolant and graphite as the moderator with natural uranium metal as the fuel. The thermal efficiency is about 25%. With uranium enriched to 2.2% as the oxide (UO2) fuel, the thermal efficiency increased to 41% and is called the advanced gas reactor (AGR). Helium is also used in a high-temperature version. 

Large-scale manufacturing of basic lead 4,6-dinitroresorcinol was developed in Great Britain during World War 11 [8, 23]. 

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