Laurentian Great Lakes

Luross, J.M., Alaee, M., and Sergeant, D.B. et al. (2002). Spatial distribution of polybromi-nated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated biphenyls in lake trout from the Laurentian Great Lakes. Chemosphere 46, 665-672. 

Volatilization. Transfer of chemicals across the air/water interface can result in either a net gain or loss of chemical, although in many cases the bulk concentration in the air above a contaminated water body is low enough to be neglected (20). When the atmosphere is the primary source of the contaminant, as for example polychlorinated biphenyls in some parts of the Laurentian Great Lakes, atmospheric concentrations obviously cannot be neglected. The Whitman two-film or two-resistance approach (21) has been applied to a number of environmental situations (20, 22, 23). Transport across the air/water interface is viewed as a two-stage process, in which both phases of the interface can offer resistance to transport of the chemical. The rate of transfer depends on turbulence in the water body and in the atmosphere, the... 

Baumann, P.C. and D.M. Whittle. 1988. The status of selected organics in the Laurentian Great Lakes an overview of DDT, PCBs, dioxins, furans, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Aquat. Toxicol. 11 241-257. 

Stalling, D.L., L.M. Smith, J.D. Petty, J.W. Hogan, J.L. Johnson, C. Rappe, and H.R. Buser. 1983. Residues of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Laurentian Great Lakes fish. Pages 221-240 in R.E. Tucker, A.L. Young, and A.P. Gray (eds.). Human and Environmental Risks of Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds. Plenum Press, New York. 

Macleod M, Mackay D (2004) Modeling transport and deposition of contaminants to ecosystems of concern a case study for the Laurentian Great Lakes. Environ Pollut 128 241-250... 

Struger J, L ltalien S, Sverko E (2003) In-use pesticide concentrations in surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes, 1994-2000. Environment Canada, Ecosystem Health Division, Environmental Conservation Branch-Ontario Region, Burlington, 2003. Report No. EHD/ECB-OR/03-04/I... 

This review focuses on the occurrence, sources, and environmental chemistry (physical-chemical properties, analysis, and environmental pathways) of PCNs and places observations from the Laurentian Great Lakes basin of North America in context with studies from other regions around the world. We summarize the significant body of research conducted since reviews published in the late 1990s [6,7,12] and finish by highlighting continuing areas of PCN occurrence, behavior, and effects which are in need of understand-... 

Fig. 9 Ranges of PFOS concentrations (mg/kg, ww) in Laurentian Great Lakes biota...

Table 15 Mean concentrations of perfluorinated compounds ( xg/kg) in invertebrates and benthic algae from the Laurentian Great Lakes (standard error in parentheses) ...

Fig. 10 Concentrations of PFOS in Laurentian Great Lakes waters, compared to values for the protection of aquatic organisms [123,128]...

Fig. 11 Concentrations of PFOS in tissues of fish from the Laurentian Great Lakes, compared to tissue concentrations for the protection of fish [ 123]...

Meyers, P.A. (2003) Applications of organic geochemistry to paleolimnological reconstructions a summary of examples from the Laurentian Great Lakes. Org. Geochem. 34, 261-290. 

Parrish, C.C., Eadie, B.J., Gardner, W.S., and Cavaletto, J.F. (1992) Lipid class and alkane distribution in settling particles of the upper Laurentian Great Lakes. Org. Geochem. 18, 33 -0. 

DeVault, D. S., Hesselberg, R., et al. (1996) Contaminant trends in lake trout and walleye from the Laurentian Great Lakes. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 22(4) 884-895. 

Gauthier, L. T., Hebert, C. E., et al (2008) Dramatic changes in the temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in herring gull eggs from the Laurentian Great Lakes 1982-2006. Environmental Science and Technology, 42(5) 1524—1530. 

Bennie, D.T., C.A. Sullivan, H.B. Lee, T.E. Peart and R.J. Maguire. Occurrence of alkylphenols and alkylphenol mono- and diethoxylates in natural waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes basin in the upper St. Lauwrence River. Sci. Total Environ. 193 263-275, 1997. 

Anderson DJ, Bloem TB, Blankenbaker RK, et al. 1999. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in the water column of the Laurentian Great Lakes Spring 1993. J Great Lakes Res 25(1) 160-170. 

Eisenreich SJ, Baker JE, Franz T, et al. 1992. Atmospheric deposition of hydrophobic organic contaminants to the Laurentian Great Lakes. In Schnoor JL, ed. Fate of pesticides and chemicals in the environment. New York, NY John Wiley Sons, Inc., 51-78. 

Miller MA, Kassulke NM, Walkowski MD. 1993a. Organochlorine concentrations in Laurentian Great Lakes salmonines Implications for fisheries management. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 25 212-219. 

Gebbink, W. A., Hebert, C. E., and Letcher, R. J. 2009. Rerfluorinated carboxylates and sulfonates and precursor compounds in Herring GuU eggs from colonies spanning the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. Environ, Sci. Technol. 43 7443-7449. 

The Laurentian Great Lakes, situated near the middle of the North American Continent, represent not only a shared major resource of two countries, but also a shared responsibility for its stewardship. Within the watershed of this lake system can be found some of the world s largest centers of commerce, industry, and urban development, and unfortunately, the expressions of their accompanying pollution. 

S. 2013. Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes. 77(1) 177-182. 

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