Great Barrier Reef

Table 5.3 Distribution of halogenated monoterpenes in Plocamium hamatum from the Great Barrier Reef (from Konig et al., 1999)...

Xestosterol (67), another unconventional sterol, was isolated as the major sterol of the Caribbean and Great Barrier Reef Xestospongia spp. [44], This sterol (Scheme 9) possesses a unique symmetrical double extension at C-26 and C-27 and a 24-methylene substituent. The biosynthesis again involves three successive biomethylations of desmosterol (34), epicodisterol (51) and 25(26)-dehydroaplysterol (68) (Scheme 9), a very similar sequence to that found for strongylosterol (63) and mutasterol (65). However, in this case, complete lack of stereospecificity was observed in the bioalkylation of codisterol (52) and epicodisterol (51). 

Clam, Tridacna maxima, Australia, 1980-82, Great Barrier Reef, soft parts, total PAHs ... 

Smith, J.D., J. Bagg, and B.M. Bycroft. 1984. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the clam Tridacna maxima from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18 353-358. 

This passage describes the Great Barrier Reef and its inhabitants. 

Broadbent A, Jones G (2004) DMS and DMSP in mucus ropes, coral mucus, surface films and sediment pore waters from coral reefs in the Great Barrier Reef. Mar Freshwater Res 55 849-855... 

Broadbent A, Jones G, Jones R (2002) DMSP in corals and benthic algae from the Great Barrier Reef. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 55 547-555... 

Jones G, Trevena A (2005) The influence of coral reefs on atmospheric dimethylsulphide over the Great Barrier Reef, Coral Sea, Gulf of Papua and Solomon and Bismark Seas. Mar Freshwater Res 56 85-93... 

Currie BR, Johns RB, An organic geochemical analysis of terrestrial biomarkers in a transect of the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon, Australian J Marine and Freshwater Research 40 275-284, 1989. 

Webster NS, Watts J, Russell TH (2000) Microbial diversity and bacterial symbiosis in the Great Barrier Reef sponge, Phopaloeides odorabile. In Abstracts of the International Marine Biotechnology Conference, Townsville, Australia, September 29-October 4, p 193... 

That the Indo-Pacific (Fig. 7.1.II) is an area of high natural product diversity was first revealed by the studies carried out in the 1970 s at the Roche Research Institute on the Great Barrier Reef (Baker 1980). Studies worldwide have since confirmed this richness, unsurpassed by any other area, either in the sea or on land. The variety of small peptides from the Indo-Pacific is impressive, characterized, particularly with the ascidians, by the condensation of the cysteine NH2 and SH groups with the COOH group of an adjacent amino acid. Thiazole and thiazoline rings are formed, which alternate with the normal peptide bonds formed by the other amino acids (Chart 7.2.P1-3). Correspondingly, threonine forms methyloxazoline moieties (Chart 7.2. A, 7.2.P1,7.2.P2). These condensations inqiose a drastic conformational bias to peptides (Abbenante 1996). 

Reverse osmosis is now extensively used to reduce salt concentrations in brackish waters and to treat industrial waste water, for example, from pulp mills. Reverse osmosis has also proved economical (the cost can be as low as about 1 per 1000 liters) for large-scale desalination of seawater, a proposition of major interest in the Middle East, where almost all potable water is now obtained by various means from seawater or from brackish wells. Thus, at Ras Abu Janjur, Bahrain, a reverse osmosis plant converts brackish feedwater containing 19,000 ppm dissolved solids to potable water with 260 ppm dissolved solids at a rate of over 55,000 m3 per day, with an electricity consumption of 4.8 kilowatt hours per cubic meter of product. On a 1000-fold smaller scale, the resort community on Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, obtains most of its fresh water from seawater (36,000 ppm dissolved salts) directly by reverse osmosis, at a cost of about 10 per 1000 liters. 

Lafi, F. F., Garson, M. J., and Fuerst, J. A. (2005). Culturable bacterial symbionts isolated from two distinct sponge species (Pseudoceratina clavata and Rhabdastrella globostellata) from the great barrier reef display similar phylogenetic diversity. Microb. Ecol. 50, 213-220. 

The heptapeptide ulicyclamide (15) and the octapeptide ulithiacyclamide (16) were the first representatives of a series of cyclic peptides to be isolated from Lissoclinum patella. Their structures were elucidated by interpretation of spectral data [44], A revised structure was later put forward for ulicyclamide (15) as a result of a detailed analysis of the fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrum. The same paper reported the isolation of two more polar cyclic peptides and another, which was present as a minor component. These heptapeptides were called lissoclinamides 1-3 (17-19) [45]. An unidentified tunicate from the Great Barrier Reef contained ulithiacyclamide (16) and ascidiacyclamide (14) [46]. Two syntheses of ulithiacyclamide (16)... 

Three cytotoxic peptides, patellamide D (31) and lissoclinamides 4-5 (32-33) were isolated from a Great Barrier Reef specimen of L. patella and identified by interpretation of spectral data. The peptides were found within the obligate algal symbiont of the genus Prochloron [65]. Another study of the same Australian L. patella reported lissoclinamide 6 (34), in addition to lissoclinamides 4-5 (32-33) and patellamide D (31). The structure of patellamide D (31) was obtained by X-ray crystallography and its conformation compared with those obtained by molecular modelling [66]. Patellamide D (31) has been reported to be a... 

---