Great Salt Lake, Utah

United States Great Salt Lake, Utah 0.006 0.8 0.4 7.0 7... 

Great Salt Lake, Utah, is the largest terminal lake in the United States. From its brine, salt, elemental magnesium, magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate, and potassium sulfate ate produced. Other well-known terminal lakes ate Qinghai Lake in China, Tu2 Golu in Turkey, the Caspian Sea and Atal skoje in the states of the former Soviet Union, and Urmia in Iran. There ate thousands of small terminal lakes spread across most countries of the world. Most of these lakes contain sodium chloride, but many contain ions of magnesium, calcium, potassium, boron, lithium, sulfates, carbonates, and nitrates. 

Sodium, 22 700 ppm (2.27%) is the seventh most abundant element in crustal rocks and the fifth most abundant metal, after Al, Fe, Ca and Mg. Potassium (18 400 ppm) is the next most abundant element after sodium. Vast deposits of both Na and K salts occur in relatively pure form on all continents as a result of evaporation of ancient seas, and this process still continues today in the Great Salt Lake (Utah), the Dead Sea and elsewhere. Sodium occurs as rock-salt (NaCl) and as the carbonate (trona), nitrate (saltpetre), sulfate (mirabilite), borate (borax, kemite), etc. Potassium occurs principally as the simple chloride (sylvite), as the double chloride KCl.MgCl2.6H2O (camallite) and the anhydrous sulfate K2Mg2(S04)3 (langbeinite). There are also unlimited supplies of NaCl in natural brines and oceanic waters ( 30kgm ). Thus, it has been calculated that rock-salt equivalent to the NaCl in the oceans of the world would occupy... 

Chlorine is the twentieth most abundant element in crustal rocks where it occurs to the extent of 126 ppm (cf. nineteenth V, 136 ppm, and twenty-first Cr, 122 ppm). The vast evaporite deposits of NaCl and other chloride minerals have already been described (pp. 69, 73). Dwarfing these, however, are the inconceivably vast reserves in ocean waters (p. 69) where more than half the total average salinity of 3.4 wt% is due to chloride ions (1.9 wt%). Smaller quantities, though at higher concentrations, occur in certain inland seas and in subterranean brine wells, e.g. the Great Salt Lake, Utah (23% NaCl) and the Dead Sea, Israel (8.0% NaCl, 13.0% MgCU, 3.5% CaCU). 

Tomascak PB, Hemming NG, Pedone VA(2001) Lithium, boron, and strontium isotope constraints on solute sources for the Great Salt Lake, Utah. Eleventh VM Goldschmidt Conf Abst, LPI Contribution 1088, Lunar Planetary Institute, 3758... 

Stutz J, Ackermann R, Fast JD, Barrie L (2002) Atmospheric Reactive Chlorine and Bromine at the Great Salt Lake, Utah. Geophys Res Lett 29 1380... 

Salt deposits or evaporites precipitate from evaporating seawater that becomes trapped in semi-isolated marine basins. Salty desert lakes, such as Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA, or those in Death Valley, California, USA, are also sites of evaporite deposition. Common salt minerals include halite (NaCl), sylvite (KC1),... 

Case Studies. The discussion of individual studies in this paper are intended as brief summaries of important results from a variety of ancient and modern lake sediments discussed in other papers (13-16). These studies include two Paleogene lacustrine oil shales—the Green River Formation (Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming) and the Rundle Formation (Queensland, Australia). The locations of these formations are shown in Figure 3, and key characteristics of the deposits are compared in Table I. Also included are results from studies of three modern productive saline lakes (Soap Lake, Washington Great Salt Lake, Utah and Walker Lake, Nevada) and two... 

Soap Lake, Washington Lake Michigan Lake Ontario Great Salt Lake, Utah Walker Lake, Nevada approximate areal extent of Green River Formation, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming and approximate areal extent of Rundle Formation, Queensland, Australia. 

The attempt to validate the model, therefore, shifted from the addition of metals to brine to measuring metals in natural brines which could be assumed to be near equilibrium with their constituent trace metals. North Arm Great Salt Lake, Utah (GSL) brine was chosen because its composition relative to South Arm brines is fairly constant (36, 37), allowing data from other workers to be meaningfully compared with this present study. Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn were determined in the GSL North Arm Brines and... 

Van Luik, A. E., and Jurinak, J. J. A chemical model of heavy metals in the Great Salt Lake. Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Research Report 34, Utah State Univ., Logan. 155 p., 1978. 

Whelan, J. A. Great Salt Lake, Utah Chemical and physical variations of the brine, 1966-1972. Utah Geol. Mineralogy Survey Water Resour. Bull. 17. 27 pZ 0 973) ... 

Tayler, P. L., Hutchinson, L. A., and Muir, M. K. Heavy metals in the Great Salt Lake, Utah. Utah Geology 19-28 (1977). 

Arnow T. and Stephens D. (1990) Hydrologic characteristics of the Great Salt Lake, Utah 1847-1986. US Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Pap. 2332, 32pp. 

Gwynn J. W. (2002) Great Salt Lake, Utah chemical and physical variations of the brine and effects of the SPRR causeway, 1966-1996. In Great Salt Lake, an Overview of Change (ed. J. W. Gwynn). Utah Department of Natural Resources, pp. 87-106. 

Jones B. F., Carmody R. and Frape S. K. (1997) Variations in principal solutes and stable istopes of Cl and S on evaporation of brines form the Great Salt Lake, Utah. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with programs, vol. 29, no. 6, p. 261. 

Jones B. F. and Spencer R. J. (1999) Clay mineral diagenesis at Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA. 5th International Symposium on the Geochemistry of the Earth s Surface, Reykjavik, Iceland. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 293-297. 

Spencer R. J., Eugster H. P., Jones B. F., and Rettig S. L. (1985a) Geochemistry of Great Salt Lake, Utah I. Hydrochemistry since 1850. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49, 727-737. 

Geochemistry of Great Salt lake, Utah I. Hydrochemistry since 1850. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49, 727-737. 

Extraction of potassium salts occurs mainly by mining (in the Federal Republic of Germany currently to a depth of ca. 1200 m), but leaching processes (solution mining, with one plant each in Canada and Utah/USA) and direct extraction from lakes (Dead Sea Great Salt Lake, Utah Searles Lake, California Lake McLoed, Australia) are also utilized. 

Tanner, A.B., 1964b. Physical and chemical controls on distribution of radium-226 and radon-222 in groundwater near Great Salt Lake, Utah. In J.A.S. Adams and W.M. Lowder (eds.). The Natural Radiation Environment. Univ. Chicago Press, pp. 253-276. 

Tufa and travertine mineralogy tends to be dominated by low-Mg calcite, although there are some examples of aragonite and disordered dolomite in lacustrine tufas (e.g. Great Salt Lake, Utah Pedone and Dickson, 2000). The rare calcium carbonate hydrate known as ikaite has also been found in tufa (Buchardt et al., 2000). Vaterite, a rare anhydrous polymorph of calcium carbonate, has also been found to be co-precipitated with calcite in pools within a travertine barrage system at Huanglong, Sichuan, China (Lu et al., 2000). 

Pedone, V.A. Dickson, J.A.D. (2000) Replacement of aragonite by quasi-rhom-bohedral dolomite in a late Pleistocene tufa mound, Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA. Journal of Sedimentary Research A70, 1152-1159. 

A full range of sedimentary environments equivalent to the more commonly described clastic deposits is also occupied by evaporite facies where climate and hydrology permit. Indeed, small changes in these parameters commonly lead to fresher water clastic and carbonate sediments interbedded with evaporites, such as in Great Salt Lake, Utah (Spencer et al., 1985). In other cases (e.g. Lake Eyre) irregular flood cycles are recorded as multiple silt-mud-gypsum triplets, because clastic bedload material is first deposited followed by evaporation of the lake water and precipitation of the dissolved load. 

Spencer, R.J., Eugster, H.P. Jones, B.F. (1985) Geochemistry of Great Salt Lake, Utah II Pleistocene-Holocene evolution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 49, 739-747. 

Derivation Ores and deposits in Stassfurt (Germany), Carlsbad (New Mexico), Saskatchewan (Canada), Searles Lake (California), Great Salt Lake (Utah), Yorkshire (England), Ural Mountains (the former U.S.S.R.), Israel, and eastern Mediterranean area. The most important ores are camallite, sylvite, and polyhalite. Thermochemical distillation of potassium chloride with sodium is the chief U.S. method of production. 

Seawater" Surface Below 2000 m Upper Below 40 m Upper Below 100 m Great Salt Lake," Utah... 

Brandt KK, Vester F, Jensen AN, Ingvorsen K (2001) Sulfate reduction dynamics and enumeration of sulfate-reducing bacteria in hypersaline sediments of the Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA). Microbial Ecol 41 1-11... 

In order to use fluid inclusions from lacustrine halites for detailed paleoclimate interpretations, it is important to have air temperature and water temperature records from the study area. The modern records serve as the reference against which fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures are compared. Information on the temperatures of saline lakes in Africa and Canada may be found in Hammer (1986). Other sources of saline lake temperatures are Carpelan (1958) for the Salton Sea, California, Eubank Brough (1980) for Great Salt Lake, Utah Smith et al. (1987) for Owens Lake, California, Gavrieli et al. (1989) for the Dead Sea, Israel and Jordan, and Casas et al. (1992) for Qaidam Basin, Qinghai Province, China. 

WURTSBAUGH w A and GLiwicz z M (2001) Limnological control of brine shrimp population dynamics and cyst production in the Great Salt Lake, Utah. Hydro-biologia 466 119-132. 

Stutz, J., Ackermann, R., Fast, J.D., Barrie, L. Atmospheric reactive chlorine and bromine at the Great Salt Lake, Utah. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(10), (2002). doi 10.1029/2002GL014812... 

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