General requirements

These standards summarize all the constructional requirements, type verifications and tests which refer to all types of protection in common. Thus, each 

12 570 mm Length of machine body 8000 mm Cutting range +5100 mm to -600 mm Cutting drum diameter 2400 mm Cutting depth 1000 mm Cutting 

The General requirements cover apparatus grouping and temperature classification, constructional requirements for enclosures and fasteners, connection facilities and terminal compartments, cable entries and supplementary requirements for rotating electrical machines, switchgear, plugs and sockets and luminaires. A third part of the standards cover type verifications and tests as well as marking requirements. 

In the following, some contents of the General requirements will be explained in more detail. 

Battery, battery container - Lead-acid accumulators Rated capacity 2 x 600 Ah Rated voltage 2 x 108 V DC (connected in series) Type of protection EEx el DC-3 AC convertor- Input voltage 154-254V DC DC link capacitor  

1 The design of the SiS shaii be in accordance with the SiS safety requirements specifications, taking into account aii the requirements of this ciause. 

2 Where the SiS is to impiement both safety and non-safety instrumented function(s) then aii the hardware and software that can negativeiy affect any SiF under normal and fauit conditions shaii be treated as part of the SiS and compiy with the requirements for the highest SiL. 

NOTE 1 Wherever practicable, the safety instrumented functions should be separated from the non-safety instrumented functions. 

NOTE 2 Adequate independence means that neither the failure of any non-safety functions nor the programming access to the non-safety software functions is capable of causing a dangerous failure of the safety instrumented 

3 Where the SIS is to implement safety instrumented functions of different safety integrity levels, then the shared or common hardware and software shall conform to the highest safety integrity level unless it can be shown that the safety instrumented functions of lower safety integrity level can not negatively affect the safety instrumented functions of higher safety 

Activities to be carried out for the operating level and functions for protecting from property damage are indicated in [8]. No detailed requirements are specified. This is different for devices for realizing safety-relevant control, protection functions or limiting damage. Some of the requirements are given below. 

The following important principles are to be observed when designing and constructing a PCE safety instrumented system  

Proven in use, reliable hardware and installation methods shall be implemented. The PCE safety device must be simple in construction. Fault effects (e.g. secondary or sequential faults in the PCE safety device) should, if possible, be limited by suitable barriers to fault propagation, e.g. high-impedance decoupling, short-circuit strength, galvanic isolation, etc. 

Harmful effects due to environment and products, e.g. vibration, impact, static strain forces, thermal loads, corrosion, contamination, mechanical wear, and lack of electromagnetic compatibility must be accounted for. 

Effects including those resulting from lightning, ripple content in power supply, grid malfunctions, grid noise, etc., must be taken into account. 

The mixture at target composition, when empirical requirements are used, should fulfil general requirements plus empirical requirements selected from Sections 5.4.1.3 and 5.4.1.4. 

According to CEN EN 13108-1 (2008), empirical and fundamental requirements should not be combined, avoiding over-specification. 

At the target mixture, the following should be determined the composition, the grading of aggregates, the void content, the resistance to permanent deformation and the water 

In case the AC is going to be applied in airfields, its resistance to fuel and its resistance to de-icing fluid should also be determined and declared. 

The new standard amended 29 Code of Eederal Regulations (CER) to include general requirements (29 CER 1910.132), eye and face protection (29 CER 1910.133), head protection (29 CER 1910.135), and foot protection (29 CER 1910.136). A new regulation (29 CER 1910.138) applied to hand protection. These changes are significant because they mandated employers to conduct a hazard assessment of the workplace to decide if hazards in the operation required the use of PPE. 

Employers should provide a written verification that a hazard assessment has been completed. According to the preamble, benefits will be gained through selecting more appropriate PPE, increased awareness of hazards and improved consistency in use.  

Section 29 CER 1910.132 added new general requirements for the selection and use of PPE to include the following  

A hazard assessment should be conducted to identify hazards present that would require the use of PPE. 

The appropriate PPE should be selected and properly fitted for each affected employee based on the assessment. 

However, although no specific regulations cover the working conditions, the general requirements of 1910.132 must be met If eye and face, respiratory, head, hand and foot protection, or equipment for electrical woikers, is used as a safety precaution around any type of hazard, it must conform to 1910.133-1910.138. For a hazard regulated by any other standard, OSHA may specify protective equipment along with other required safety precautions. 

OSHA does not recommend PPE if adnunistrative or engineering controls can eliminate personal protection. Therefore, even when PPE is properly selected and used, a non-serious citation can be issned if feasible administrative or engineering controls could have been instituted. 

The enterprise shall plan, implement, and control an integrated technical effort in accordance with this document to develop a total system solution that is responsive to market opportunities, specified customer requirements, enterprise objectives, and external constraints. To meet this goal, the entaprise 

1) Technical reviews following each level of development  

To achieve LCP, one needs to start by choosing the initiator, coinitiator, and other components of a reaction so that there is no nucleophile present that can irreversibly terminate the propagating cationic species. Basic components also need to be avoided to minimize P-proton transfer. However, even with the most judicious choice of reaction system, P-proton transfer is still present because monomer itself is a base. One needs to minimize P-proton transfer to monomer to achieve LCP. 

The major approach to extending the lifetime of propagating species involves reversible conversion of the active centers to dormant species such as covalent esters or halides by using initiation systems with Lewis acids that supply an appropriate nucleophilic counterion. The equilibrium betweem dormant covalent species and active ion pairs and free ions is driven further toward the dormant species by the common ion effect—by adding a salt that supplies the same counterion as supplied by the Lewis acid. Free ions are absent in most systems most of the species present are dormant covalent species with much smaller amounts of active ion pairs. Further, the components of the reaction system are chosen so that there is a dynamic fast equilibrium between active and dormant species, as the rates of deactivation and activation are faster than the propagation and transfer rates. The overall result is a slower but more controlled reaction with the important features of living polymerization (Sec. 3-15). 

In addition to the choice of Lewis acid, added common ion salt, and temperature, the fast equilibrium between active and dormant species can be fostered by including additional nucleophiles (separate from the nucleophilic counterion) in the reaction system and by variations in solvent polarity. Nucleophiles act by further driving of the dynamic equilibrium toward the covalent species and/or decreasing the reactivity of ion pairs. Nucleophilic counterions and added nucleophiles work best in nonpolar solvents such as toluene and hexane. Their action in polar solvents is weaker because the polar solvents interact with the nucleophiles and nucleophilic counterions, as well as the ion pairs. Polar solvents such as methylene 

It is not an absolute necessity for LCP to have no free ions. If free ions are present, LCP is possible only if there are fast equilibria between free ions, ion pairs, and covalent species. If the equilibrium between free ions and ion pairs is slow, the result is a bimodal distribution. Further, to have any possibility of LCP with free ions present, the concentration and reactivity of the free ions should not be such that the reaction is too fast. 

The specific combination of initiator, coinitiator, solvent temperature, and additives needed to achieve LCP varies with the monomer. The components of the reaction system need to be fine-tuned differently for different monomers (Sec. 5-2g-3). 

Effects of solution resistance. The electrode geometry becomes a crucial factor whenever the ohmic (iR) drop in a cell becomes large. First, the ohmic drop imposes a natural limit on the current that can pass through the cell because the product of the total cell resistance and the current cannot exceed the output voltage of the potential source. This limit may be encountered in solvent sys- 

The external leads from the potentiostat to the electrodes may also contribute significant resistance and capacitance that must be taken into account if the cell currents are large and if fast response is desired. Most metallic working electrodes will have very low resistance, but a typical diopping-mercury electrode (DME) may have a resistance as large as 100 Q because the mercury-filled lumen of the capillary is so small (— 0.005-cm diameter). This resistance makes a contribution to the total cell resistance and to the uncompensated resistance in a three-electrode circuit. 

The extent to which a three-electrode circuit can compensate for ohmic drop 

For rx = 0.05 cm, and a potential error not to exceed 2 mV, the specific resistance of the electrolyte must be less than 200 fi-cm for currents of 10 /iA. This approximate calculation indicates that the errors in potential due to iR drop will be 200 mV when the specific resistance of the electrolyte is 104 fi-cm. 

Optimum geometry in voltammetry with microelectrodes. In electrolytes of specific resistance of 100-12 cm or less, the geometry is not very critical. The working electrode should be placed between the counter and reference electrodes and is ordinarily an appreciable distance ( 1 cm) from both. At small, nearly spherical electrodes, all points on the surface of the electrode will be essentially equidistant from the counter electrode and the current density will be almost uniform over the surfaces of the microelectrode. 

It should be mentioned here again that high pressure per se is not what one is looking for in HPLC. Unfortunately, it comes from the fact that the mobile phase is a liquid with its rather high viscosity which needs to be pressed through a densely packed bed of very fine particles. Small particles have short diffusion paths and therefore yield a high number of theoretical plates per unit length. 

It stands to reason that, depending on the test system used, the availability of an adequate environmental control system has to be considered. Such controls should provide, e.g. for animal rooms, adequate lighting and photoperiod conditions, and an adequate air conditioning system in order for the animals to be kept under standard and well defined conditions. 

There are more examples for the application of these requirements If a study involves analytical procedures, the facility has to have an adequate power supply with adequate provisions for the case of power failures or breakdowns. The same provisions have to be taken for the air-conditioning system of the animal rooms. It is self-evident that the IT system of a test facility will have to be protected against this kind of event, too. Furthermore, an adequate ventilation system will be needed in order to protect test systems, equipment and technicians from noxious or corrosive gases and volatile solvents. In the area of in vitro test systems, a surveillance system for the facilities (i.e. the containers) used to store cell lines in a deep-frozen stage will have to assure that the level of liquid nitrogen does not fall below the critical minimal level. Many more examples could be cited and the appropriateness of the facility and its construction can be followed down to the small table on which the balance to be used in the study is placed Does this table have sturdy legs and a special. 

At the other end of the material flow, facilities need proper provisions for the collection and disposal of all kinds of wastes, e.g. animal waste and refuse or contaminated water, soil, or other spent materials. If such waste cannot be disposed immediately provision has also to be made for safe sanitary storage of such waste before removal, by appropriate transportation procedures. 

Facilities have to be designed for the utmost suitability to the studies that are to be performed within. The general requirements calling for adequate environmental controls, for proper separation of activities, and for allowing studies to be conducted under conditions of minimal disturbance aim at the protection of the study against many possibilities of jeopardising its integrity. 

Ideally, solvents used as HPLC mobile phases should have these characteristics  

Solvent Solvent strength (E°) bp (°C) Viscosity (cP) at 20°C UV cut-off (nm) Refractive index 

E° (solvent elution strength as defined by Hildebrand on alumina). Data extracted from reference 2 and other sources. 

Event Power Time Voltage limits Temperature Cycles (lOy) 

BMM Battery Management Module ECU Engine Control Unit VC Vehicle Controller 

Controls and diagnostics for 42-V automotive batteries. As a new product to the automotive industry, the 42-V automotive battery will be expected to deliver certain CAN-compatible messages to the vehicle system controller. A proposed message set for 42-V automotive applications which outlines some of these battery-related system variables is given in Table 11.14. 

Future products such as CAN-controllable voltage regulators will allow more precise control of the voltage demands of the battery. Moreover, any temperature data available on the CAN network will be available at no extra cost. The temperature used to calculate the charge voltage can then be more representative of the battery even ambient air may be a better indicator than the temperature of a device that emits its own waste heat and that is connected mechanically to the ICE. 

Ultimately temperature measurement on the battery itself will provide the best data for voltage limit regulation, but this extra cost burden would have to be justified by proportionate warranty cost reduction. 

Other than for editorial changes in previously submitted information (e.g., correction of spelling or typographical errors, reformatting of batch records), an applicant must notify the FDA about each change in each condition established in an approved application beyond the variations already provided for in the application (506A(a)). 

Except for a supplemental application providing for a change in labeling, an applicant should include a statement in a supplemental application or amendment certifying that the required field copy (21 CFR 314.50) of the supplement or amendment has been provided. 

The user must prepare and transmit to the manufacturer a design specification, certified by a professional engineer, which will include the intended life of the vessel, any unusual operating conditions, whether or not the operation is cyclic, etc. The vessel designer s seal may or may not be significant, since all the operating conditions. 

For a comparison of the stress bases between Division 2 and other codes see Table 4-1. Allowable stresses stop at 800°F. Additional committee work is necessary before the effect of plastic deformation under creep conditions can be assessed well enough to develop adequate design rules for higher temperatures. It is believed that provisions in the area of toughness (brittle fracture) represent quite a step forward. The temperature of -20°F is no longer significant. A basic requirement is that adequate notch toughness be provided at all temperatures for all materials. 

Curves are included showing the temperatures above which commonly used carbon steels may be exempted from impact testing. Materials such as ASTM A53 for steel pipe and A285 FQ for steel plate, in which the chemical analysis is not fully specified are not permitted. Ultrasonic examination is required for plate and forgings over 4 in. thick, and examination required for castings is more stringent. 

CODE Spec. Min. Tensile Strength Spec. Min. Yield Strength Yield Strength at Temp. Tensile Strength at Temp. Aver- age Stress Creep in 100,000 hrs. Average Stress Rupture In 100,000 hrs. Min. Stress Rupture in 100,000 hrs. 

Notes For temperatures below 250°C, the stress for 250°C shall be used. This value shall not exceed 1.25 times minimum. 

A SIS is normally separated from the BPCS for the following reasons  

NOTE 1 The SIS normally has more robust requirements than the BPCS and the intent is not to subject the BPCS to the same robust requirements that are required for the SIS. However it should be noted that uncontrolled BPCS modifications can be a cause of increased demand on the SIS. 

Where a failure of the common equipment can cause a demand on the SIS, then an analysis should be conducted to ensure the overall hazard rates satisfies the expectations. The overall hazard rate will be the sum of the dangerous failure rate of the common elements and the hazard rate from other sources of demand (including dangerous failure of the independent parts of the SIS). 

Separation between the SIS and the BPCS may use identical or diverse separation. Identical separation would mean using the same technology for both the BPCS and SIS whereas diverse separation would mean using different technologies from the same or different manufacturer. 

Compared with identical separation, which helps against random failures, diverse separation offers the additional benefit of reducing the probability of systematic faults and of reducing common cause failures. 

The detection of gas analytes using acoustic wave (AW) sensors can be based on changes in one or more of the physical characteristics of a thin film or layer in contact with the device surface (Ballantine et al. 1997). Some of the intrinsic film properties that can be utilized for gas detection include mass/ area, elastic stiffness (modulus), viscoelasticity, viscosity, electrical conductivity, and permittivity. Variations in any of these parameters alter the mechanical and/or electrical boundary conditions producing a measurable shift in the propagating acoustic wave phase velocity, v . Equation (13.1) illustrates the change in acoustic phase velocity, Av, as a result of external perturbations, assuming that the perturbations are small and linearly combined (Ippolito et al. 2009)  

However, the temperature dependence of each parameter, in addition to the overall temperature coefficient of the device structure, must also be considered, as the sensor response for many gas-phase-sensing applications is strongly dependent on operating tanperature. 

AW devices can certainly work without coatings. However, experiment has shown that the lack of specificity and low sensitivity are two major drawbacks of gas sensors with uncoated surfaces. 

A completed section within the MOC data package should indicate when training of each employee involved in the startup of a new or modified process is complete. 

It is recognized that there may be more than one design or concept of an individual component that would meet the performance objectives of this Safety Guide. This section contains recommendations for typical components and also 

In principle any physical measurement that can be related to translational, vibrational, or rotational energy is potentially useful for the measurement of 

This chapter is intended to give the reader an appreciation of the various factors that can affect power production in an MFC and to see all the marvelous ways that different 

Microbial Fuel Cells. By Bruce E. Logan Copyright 2008 John Wiley Sons, Inc. 

The lower volumetric power density than that produced with the flat anode reflects the larger volume of reactor used to accommodate the brush electrode. 

Power densities produced with these substrates in the flate plate reactor were lower than that achieved with the cube reactor with and a much larger (2-cm) electrode spacing, providing evidence that when the electrodes are too closely spaced, power is not optimized. It is likely that oxygen transfer through the CEM reaches bacteria growing on 

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The basic condition of the Standard application - the availability of stable coupled probabilistic or the multiple probabilistic relations between then controlled quality indexes and magnetic characteristics of steel. All the probabilistic estimates, used in the Standard, are applied at confidence level not less than 0,95. General requirements to the means of control and procedure of its performance are also stipulated. Engineers of standard development endeavoured take into consideration the existed practice of technical control performance and test at the enterprises that is why the preparation of object control for the performance of nondestructive test can be done during the process of ordinary acceptance test. It is suggested that every enterprise is operated in correspondence with direct and non-destructive tests, obtained exactly at it, for detailed process chart and definite product type, however the tests have long since been performed after development of the Standard displayed that process gives way to unification. 

A section related to materials sets out, apart from general requirements, that compliance with the material specifications of the directive can be achieved in one of the following forms by using materials which comply to harmonised standards, by using materials covered by a European approval of materials, a subject which will be explained further on, and by a particular material appraisal carried out by the notified body. 

CTB 941.1-93 System of Accreditation for Verification and Testing Laboratory of Belarus. General Requirements for Board of. Accreditation for Verification and Testing Laboratory... 

In order to achieve a reasonable signal strength from the nonlinear response of approximately one atomic monolayer at an interface, a laser source with high peak power is generally required. Conuuon sources include Q-switched ( 10 ns pulsewidth) and mode-locked ( 100 ps) Nd YAG lasers, and mode-locked ( 10 fs-1 ps) Ti sapphire lasers. Broadly tunable sources have traditionally been based on dye lasers. More recently, optical parametric oscillator/amplifier (OPO/OPA) systems are coming into widespread use for tunable sources of both visible and infrared radiation. 

Altliough a complete treatment of optical phenomena generally requires a full quantum mechanical description of tire light field, many of tire devices of interest tliroughout optoelectronics can be described using tire wave properties of tire optical field. Several excellent treatments on tire quantum mechanical tlieory of tire electromagnetic field are listed in [9]. 

No corks or rubber stoppers are, in general, required. Contamination or discolouration due to these is therefore avoided. Occasionally, a small rubber stopper may be employed, e.g., for the insertion of a thermometer, but, should the very small surface of rubber thus exposed to the action of the organic vapours be undesirable, a thermometer with a ground glass cone can be used. 

To 5 ml. of water add 1-2 drops of the amine if the amine does not dissolve, add a drop or two of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Add 0-5-1 ml. of this amine solution to 2-3 ml. of the reagent an almost immediate precipitate indicates the presence of a primary amine. A slight turbidity indicates the presence of a primary amine as an impurity. (Primary aromatic amines generally require 2-3 minutes for the test. Urea and other amides, as well as amino acids, do not react.)... 

In absorption spectroscopy a beam of electromagnetic radiation passes through a sample. Much of the radiation is transmitted without a loss in intensity. At selected frequencies, however, the radiation s intensity is attenuated. This process of attenuation is called absorption. Two general requirements must be met if an analyte is to absorb electromagnetic radiation. The first requirement is that there must be a mechanism by which the radiation s electric field or magnetic field interacts with the analyte. For ultraviolet and visible radiation, this interaction involves the electronic energy of valence electrons. A chemical bond s vibrational energy is altered by the absorbance of infrared radiation. A more detailed treatment of this interaction, and its importance in deter-... 

The main advantage of wholesale climate control Hes in easy access to the objects, and the absence of differences in conditions between various spaces within the institution, eg, storage areas, conservation laboratories, and exhibition galleries. The actual values set for the rh are a matter of compromise metals, stone, and ceramics are best served by humidities as low as possible, but organic materials generally require higher values. An accepted... 

Over the years animal studies have repeatedly shown that perfluorinated inert fluids are nonirritating to the eyes and skin and practically nontoxic by ingestion, inhalation, or intraperitoneal injection (17,22). Thermal degradation can produce toxic decomposition products including perfluoroisobutene which has a reported LC q of 0.5 ppm (6 hr exposure in rats) (31). This decomposition generally requires temperatures above 200°C. 

Acid foods generally require the simplest equipment for heat preservation. The food can be heated to 100°C and filled hot into suitable containers. The containers are sealed, inverted to sterilize the closure, held at the filling temperature for a short time to ensure that the package is thoroughly heated, and then cooled. Tomato sauces, jellies, fmits, fmit juices (qv), and pickles are routinely preserved in this fashion. 

Purification. The LPG generally requires treatment for removal of hydrogen sulfide [7783-06-4] H2S, organic sulfur compounds, and water in... 

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