And wear mechanism

For practical reasons, the blast furnace hearth is divided into two principal zones the bottom and the sidewalls. Each of these zones exhibits unique problems and wear mechanisms. The largest refractory mass is contained within the hearth bottom. The outside diameters of these bottoms can exceed 16 or 17 m and their depth is dependent on whether underhearth cooling is utilized. When cooling is not employed, this refractory depth usually is determined by mathematical models these predict a stabilization isotherm location which defines the limit of dissolution of the carbon by iron. Often, this depth exceeds 3 m of carbon. However, because the stabilization isotherm location is also a function of furnace diameter, often times thermal equiHbrium caimot be achieved without some form of underhearth cooling. 

Fig. 31 Friction and wear mechanisms involved in viscoelastic solid bodies sliding against a rough counter-surface...

Gamulya, G.D., Lebedeva, I.L., Vvedensky, Yu. V. and Yukhno, T.P., Secondary Structure Formation and Wear Mechanisms for Solid Lubricant Coatings Under Friction in Vacuum, Wear, 171, 143, (1994). 

The primary goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of the recent developments in the production and uses of diamond coatings for tribological applications. A brief description of the friction and wear mechanisms of diamond in general and diamond coatings in particular will be presented first. This will be followed by a... 

There are many other examples of chemical reactions being induced by shearing stresses. A mechanism involving metallization seems plausible. Areas of application include photochemistry, degradation of polymers, friction and wear, mechanical alloying and cutting processes. 

Masuda, M., Sato, T., Kori, T. and Chujo, Y. (1994) Cutting performance and wear mechanism for alumina-based ceramic tools when machining austempered ductile iron. Wear 174 147-153. 

S. Kurtz, C. Muhlstein, A. Edidin, Surface morphology and wear mechanisms of four clinically relevant biomaterials after hip simulator testing, 1. Biomed. Mater. Res. 52 (2000) 447-459. 

Ozcan and P. Filip, "Microstructure and wear mechanisms in C/C composites," Wear, 259[1] 642-650.2005. 

Gispert MP. Serro AP. Cdao) R. Saramago B. Friction and wear mechanisms in hip [H-ostlietis conqrarison (ff joint materials behaviour in several lubricants, wear 2006 260(l-2) 149-58. 

The greatest potential for particulate release during reactor vessel safestorage undoubtedly arises from the corrosion of metallic components within the core. The graphite may also release particulates directly, through degradation (friction and wear) mechanisms, or from deposited carbon or other entrained materials such as oxide dusts. 

In the contact area between part and counter part elementary friction and wear mechanisms such as adhesion, abrasion, surface fatigue, deformation, elastic hysteresis and damping, tribochemical reactions etc. may occur. These mechanisms are overlapping in the temporal and spatial undetectable real material contact area. In addition highly formulated lubricants, which are mainly used with highly stressed engine elements, exert influence on tribochemical reactions inside and outside of the tribological contact. ... 

Yijun Shi, Ming He, Xiaoli Gu et al. A study on the friction and wear mechanism of potassium titanate whiskers filled PTFE composites. Lubrication Engineering, 34(l) 59-62, 2009. 

Patel P, Hyland M, Hiltman F. Influence of internal cathode structure on behavior during electrolysis, part 2 Porosity and wear mechanisms in graphitized cathode material. Light Met. 2005 135 757-62. 

Bhushan, B., Sundararajan, S., 1998. Micro/nanoscale friction and wear mechanisms of thin films using atomic force and friction force microscopy. Acta Materialia 46 (11), 3793-3804. 

Based on these surface analytical results, the anti-friction and -wear mechanisms of PAO oil containing nano-boric acid particles can be explained as follows. When nano-boric acid particles are carried into the sliding interface, they are deformed and smeared on these surfaces under the influence of contact load and sliding velocity. As is clear from Figures 6.17 and 6.18, they form a boron-rich boundary film on these surfaces. This film then shears easily to... 

These three modes allow the identification of friction-induced surface modifications, such as the development of transfer films, tribochemical phase formation, or the removal of material and lubricant films by wear. Correlations may be revealed which would help to elucidate the friction and wear mechanisms. There follows a description of these modes, with emphasis on their interests, potentialities, and limitations, as illustrated by the generic studies developed in Section 3, and summarized in Fig. 3. 

Yamamoto K, Imakiire A, Masaoka T, Shishido T, Mizoue T, Clarke IC, et al. Wear mode and wear mechanism of retrieved acetabular cups. Int Orthop 2003 27(5) 286-90. 

It is well known that the wear rates and wear mechanisms resulting from third-body abrasive wear are influenced by abrasive size, geometiy and hardness, as well as volume fraction (Kramer and Demer, 1961 Rabinowicz and Mutis, 1965 Williams and Hyncica, 1992 Zum Gahr, 1999 Stachowiak, 2000 Stachowiak and Stachowiak, 2004 Bello et al, 2007). The size of the abrasive particles could influence their motion within a lubricated contact and alter the wear mechanisms... 

The effect of humidity on the wear rates and wear mechanisms of low carbon steel coatings produced using the PTWA process has been investigated in more details by the authors [4]. 

In a like manner, the refractory technologist considers a particular refractory application he, like his customer, desires a long, lasting refractory life at an economical cost to the consumer. The technologist contemplates the overall environmental and wearing mechanisms to which the refractory will be exposed including temperatures, gas pressures, chemically corrosive agents and/or... 

Figure 2. Interrelationship of friction and wear mechanisms in elastomers. ...

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