Fine-tuning

For NDT of new construction this implies that, the more one knows about the material properties and operational conditions, the better the acceptance criteria for weld defects can be based on the required weld integrity and fine-tuned to a specific application. In pipeline industry, this is already going to happen. 

What IS remarkable is not only the range of properties that are covered with just 20 ammo acids but also the fine tuning with respect to a particular property... 

The AMBER force field replaces the van der Waals by a 10-12 potential for pairs of atoms that can participate in hydrogen bonding (equation 12). The hydrogen bond potential does not contribute significantly to the hydrogen bonding attraction between two atoms rather, it is implemented to fine-tune the distances between these atoms. 

Steps. A pressure-swing cycle has at least three steps adsorption, blowdown, and repressurization. Although not always necessary, a purge step is normally used. In finely tuned processes, cocurrent depressurization and pressure-equalization steps are frequendy added. 

Beckman Elutriation Method. The Beckman elutriation method uses a chamber designed so that the centrifugal effect of the radial inward fluid flow is constant (Fig. 3). The separation chambers are made of transparent epoxy resin which faciUtates observation of the movements of the cell boundary in strobe light illumination. This enables detection of the radius at which the cells are separating. When a mixture of cells, eg, mononuclear white cells, enters the chamber, separation can be achieved by fine tuning centrifuge speed and inward fluid flow to the specific cell group. This is a laboratory method suitable for relatively small numbers of cells. Chambers are available in sizes to handle 2-3 x 10 , 1 2 x 10 , and 1 x 10 ° cells. The Beckman chambers can be appHed to collect mononuclear cells from bone marrow aspirates. 

Although FeMo-cofactor is clearly knpHcated in substrate reduction cataly2ed by the Mo-nitrogenase, efforts to reduce substrates using the isolated FeMo-cofactor have been mosdy equivocal. Thus the FeMo-cofactor s polypeptide environment must play a critical role in substrate binding and reduction. Also, the different spectroscopic features of protein-bound vs isolated FeMo-cofactor clearly indicate a role for the polypeptide in electronically fine-tuning the substrate-reduction site. Site-directed amino acid substitution studies have been used to probe the possible effects of FeMo-cofactor s polypeptide environment on substrate reduction (163—169). Catalytic and spectroscopic consequences of such substitutions should provide information concerning the specific functions of individual amino acids located within the FeMo-cofactor environment (95,122,149). 

AH technologies employed for catalytic polymerization processes in general are widely used for the manufacture of HDPE. The two most often used technologies are slurry polymerization and gas-phase polymerization. Catalysts are usuaHy fine-tuned for a particular process. 

The technologies suitable for LLDPE manufacture include gas-phase fluidised-bed polymerisation, polymerisation in solution, polymerisation in a polymer melt under high ethylene pressure, and slurry polymerisation. Most catalysts are fine-tuned for each particular process. 

These "experimental" formulations derived in the foregoing examples are only meant to be the starting formulations and must be fine-tuned based on small scale laboratory experiments before use in plant production. 

Fig. 16. Reaction of a delayed release DIR coupler and oxidized developer (Dev ). A delayed released DIR coupler permits fine-tuning of where and when the development inhibitor (In) is generated by releasing a diffusible inhibitor precursor or "switch" as a function of image formation. This permits control...

Latex Types. Latexes are differentiated both by the nature of the coUoidal system and by the type of polymer present. Nearly aU of the coUoidal systems are similar to those used in the manufacture of dry types. That is, they are anionic and contain either a sodium or potassium salt of a rosin acid or derivative. In addition, they may also contain a strong acid soap to provide additional stabUity. Those having polymer soUds around 60% contain a very finely tuned soap system to avoid excessive emulsion viscosity during polymeri2ation (162—164). Du Pont also offers a carboxylated nonionic latex stabili2ed with poly(vinyl alcohol). This latex type is especiaUy resistant to flocculation by electrolytes, heat, and mechanical shear, surviving conditions which would easUy flocculate ionic latexes. The differences between anionic and nonionic latexes are outlined in Table 11. 

The complexity of temperature regulation of three major commercial reversible processes are represented in Figs. 23-3 7, 23-3e, and 23-3f Presumably, these profiles have been estabhshed by fine-tuning the operations over a period of time. 

Miniaturisation of various devices and systems has become a popular trend in many areas of modern nanotechnology such as microelectronics, optics, etc. In particular, this is very important in creating chemical or electrochemical sensors where the amount of sample required for the analysis is a critical parameter and must be minimized. In this work we will focus on a micrometric channel flow system. We will call such miniaturised flow cells microfluidic systems , i.e. cells with one or more dimensions being of the order of a few microns. Such microfluidic channels have kinetic and analytical properties which can be finely tuned as a function of the hydrodynamic flow. However, presently, there is no simple and direct method to monitor the corresponding flows in. situ. 

Chemical inhibitors, when added in small amounts, reduce corrosion by affecting cathodic and/or anodic processes. A wide variety of treatments may be used, including soluble hydroxides, chromates, phosphates, silicates, carbonates, zinc salts, molybdates, nitrates, and magnesium salts. The exact amount of inhibitor to be used, once again, depends on system parameters such as temperature, flow, water chemistry, and metal composition. For these reasons, experts in water treatment acknowledge that treatment should be fine tuned for a given system. 

The events are so fine-tuned and the size of chamber, pressure of gas, travel, distance of the moving contact and the size of blast nozzle so designed and adjusted that a near-slrike-free interruption can be achieved for low reactive currents (inductive or capacitive) as well as fullload and very heavy fault currents. The advance compression of gas through the movement of main contact plays an important role by storing a part of the gas even before opening of the arcing contacts. 

For loads with fast variations, this type of a modified version too may be sluggish, due to step-by-step tuning. In such cases it is possible to employ two relays, one for coarse correction, such as through a serial relay (FIFO) which can quickly switch the large banks, and the other for fine tuning, which may be a binary relay. These two relays may be combined into one hybrid unit. The binary scheme can thus be modified to suit any required duty with prompt and finer corrections and least strain on a particular unit or on the system. 

Since the summation in Eq. (12) may be on any subset of atoms, it can be fine-tuned to best suit the problem at hand. The summation may be over the whole molecule, but it is very common to calculate conformational distances based only on non-hydrogen heavy atoms or, in the case of proteins, even based on only the backbone Ca atoms. Alternatively, in a study related to drug design one may consider, for example, focusing only on atoms that make up the pharmacophore region or that are otherwise known to be functionally important. 

For reliable turbomaehine performanee, it is vital to have a properly designed, installed, operated, and maintained lubrieation system. The lubri-eation system of a turbomaehine is the lifeblood for this eomplex and finely tuned pieee of maehinery. The oil must be pumped in eontinuous eireulation, eonditioned, drained, and returned to be pumped again. In some units there are independent and dedieated turbine lube oil, eompressor lube oil, and turbine eontrol oil systems. There are eombined systems with turbine lube oil and eontrol oil from one system and eompressor lube oil from another, or with turbine and eompressor lube oil from one system and turbine eontrol oil from another. In most eases, one system will supply all lube and eontrol oil. 

An alternate method not used too much at this time is the drum design. The drum construction is somewhat different from the disc, in that the rotor body is of cylindrical construction. By using the hollow drum, conical roots, of bolted construction, can be used for the rotor, again, allowing for stagger adjustments to fine tune the axial compressor to the application if the need arises. The setting is done to a gauge at the factory, as with the stators. 

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