Fundamental requirements

When the target composition is determined by fundamental requirements, the AC should fulfil the general requirements, as outlined in Section 5.4.1.3, plus the fundamental requirements, which are grading, binder content, stiffness, resistance to permanent deformation in the triaxial compression test and resistance to fatigue. 

Using fundamental requirements, a less prescriptive way of specifying a composition is required. At the target composition, the grading should conform to Section 5.4.1.3.1. Similarly, for the binder content, only a minimum value is required, which is 3.0%, by 

The stiffness (S) of the cylindrical specimens should be between a minimum and a maximum value selected from values/categories provided by CEN EN 13108-1 (2008). 

The minimum stiffness values range from 1500 to 21,000 MPa, assigned to 13 categories, 

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A fundamental requirement in powder processing is characterization of the as-received powders (10—12). Many powder suppHers provide information on tap and pour densities, particle size distributions, specific surface areas, and chemical analyses. Characterization data provided by suppHers should be checked and further augmented where possible with in-house characterization. Uniaxial characterization compaction behavior, in particular, is easily measured and provides data on the nature of the agglomerates in a powder (13,14). 

G lv nic Corrosion. Galvanic corrosion is an electrochemical process with four fundamental requirements (/) an anode (magnesium), 2) a cathode (steel, brass, or graphite component), (J) direct anode to cathode electrical contact, and (4) an electrolyte bridge at the anode and cathode interface, eg, salt water bridging the adjacent surfaces of steel and magnesium components. If any one of these is lacking, the process does not occur (133,134). 

A fundamental requirement for obtaining a patent is defining an advance, development, or invention which is within those classes of "subject matter" which the law of the United States regards as patentable. Two classes of patentable subject matter, ie, computer software and biotechnology, are the subject of relatively new and evolving law. However, other types of subject matter rest on fairly certain ground as to patentabiUty. Examples of patents directed to various types of subject matter are described in the following. 

The fundamental requirements for floating roofs are dependent on whether the roof is for an internal or an external appHcation. The design... 

The anion used to prepare the metal soap determines to a large extent whether it will meet fundamental requirements, which can be summed up as follows solubihty and stabiUty ia various kiads of vehicles (this excludes the use of short-chain acids) good storage stabiUty low viscosity, making handling the material easier optimal catalytic effect and best cost/performance ratio. 

Obtaining good data inputs is a fundamental requirement, since any analysis system is only as good as the inputs to the system. A full audit of the various trains to be monitored must be made to obtain optimum instrumentation selection. 

For all of these reactions, the reagents and reaction conditions must be chosen to meet the fundamental requirement for successful chain reactions. Each step in the sequence must be exothermic to permit chain propagation. ... 

Resource management is a common feature of all organizations and while it may be known by different titles, the determination and control of the resources to meet customer needs is a fundamental requirement and fundamental to the achievement of all other requirements. 

The requirements for product approval are defined in the reference manuals. You may not need to prepare product approval submissions for all the parts you supply. The applicability of product approval procedures is affected by several factors so definitive solutions cannot be offered. The fundamental requirement is that if you supply product to the automotive customers you need a product approval procedure in place to gain ISO/TS 16949 registration. If you have been supplying parts for some time without product approval then you should confirm with your customer that you may continue to do so. 

More pumps fail as a direct result of improper installation than any other single factor. The predominant reasons for these failures include starvation, caused by inadequate or inconsistent suction conditions distortion, caused by pipe strain or improper foundation and turbulent that results from piping or entrained gas problems. Centrifugal pump installation must follow Hydraulic Institute Standards, which provide specific guidelines to prevent these installation and performance problems. This chapter will address the fundamental requirements for proper installation. 

This fact is not designed to take away from the importance of either one. The good news is that the mechanics of planning and scheduling is the same for either daily/weekly or shutdown/project maintenance. Well planned work orders are the fundamental requirement of both routine and outage maintenance. Many organizations lose sight of this fact. 

Effective shutdown management depends on absolute adherence to prescribed standards that define what type of work will be done during scheduled shutdowns. These decisions can not be made by the maintenance planner alone. To aid in the selection, planning and implementation of outage tasks, a management team is a fundamental requirement. This team should be composed of ... 

The fundamental requirement of an efffective outage plan is well-defined work orders for each task that must be performed during the available time interval. Too many plants fail to fully plan each of the tasks that are to be performed. Instead, they rely on a master schedule that defines the sequence of events that must occur in order to complete all of the tasks included in the scope of work. 

The fundamental requirements of a sacrificial anode are to impart sufficient cathodic protection to a structure economically and predictably over a defined period, and to eliminate, or reduce to an acceptable level, corrosion that would otherwise take place. 

The possibility of controlling ihc morphological and structural order in the solid is therefore a fundamental requirement for the control and reproducibility of the emission properties of a luminescent material within an organic light emitting diode (OLED) device. 

The fundamental requirement of a coulometric analysis is that the electrode reaction used for the determination proceeds with 100 per cent efficiency so that the quantity of substance reacted can be expressed by means of Faraday s Law from the measured quantity of electricity (coulombs) passed. The substance being determined may directly undergo reaction at one of the electrodes (primary coulometric analysis), or it may react in solution with another substance generated by an electrode reaction (secondary coulometric analysis). 

There are three different approaches to a thermodynamic theory of continuum that can be distinguished. These approaches differ from each other by the fundamental postulates on which the theory is based. All of them are characterized by the same fundamental requirement that the results should be obtained without having recourse to statistical or kinetic theories. None of these approaches is concerned with the atomic structure of the material. Therefore, they represent a pure phenomenological approach. The principal postulates of the first approach, usually called the classical thermodynamics of irreversible processes, are documented. The principle of local state is assumed to be valid. The equation of entropy balance is assumed to involve a term expressing the entropy production which can be represented as a sum of products of fluxes and forces. This term is zero for a state of equilibrium and positive for an irreversible process. The fluxes are function of forces, not necessarily linear. However, the reciprocity relations concern only coefficients of the linear terms of the series expansions. Using methods of this approach, a thermodynamic description of elastic, rheologic and plastic materials was obtained. 

The simplicity mentioned above exists for various kinds of samples that meet the fundamental requirements laid down in Chapters 6 and 7. Examples are a thin film on a suitable substrate, a sample dissolved at low concentration in a solvent transparent to x-rays, or a sample uniformly dispersed in a similarly transparent medium. In all cases, scattered x-rays should be at a minimum to keep the background low. From the point of view taken here, a trace is thus regarded as a major constituent in a sample if sensible absorption and enhancement effects are absent—if, that is, Equation 7-3 is valid. 

Problems that originate in the pre-boiler section of HP boiler plants are often the cause of operational problems further downstream in the system these problems must be controlled with appropriate internal treatments. Although programs can be devised to deal with almost all types and qualities of FW, it is a fundamental requirement that the water quality be as consistent as practically possible. 

The regular internal auditing of a quality system is a fundamental requirement. These audits should be conducted by persoimel independent of the operational area being audited for example a quality department should not audit its own activities. The results of such audits, together with those from outside inspection bodies, will invariably identify areas for improvement. 

Record keeping is a fundamental requirement for any serious research activity, and of course drug discovery and development is no different. In the case of drug discovery, there are a number of convergent requirements for keeping good scientific records ... 

In any case, it is interesting to note that catalytic efficacy has been observed with nano- or mesoporous gold sponges [99-101, 145] suggesting that neither a discrete particle nor an oxide support is actually a fundamental requirement for catalysis. An alternative mechanism invokes the nanoscale structural effect noted in Section 7.2.2, and proposes that the catalytic effect of nanoscale gold structures is simply due to the presence of a large proportion of lowly-coordinated surface atoms, which would have their own, local electronic configurations suitable for the reaction to be catalyzed [34, 49,146] A recent and readily available study by Hvolbaek et al. [4] summarizes the support for this alternate view. 

From both the time-dependent plot and the time-independent projection, it is clear that the transition path crosses the space-fixed dividing surface qu = 0 several times. These crossings are indicated by thick green dots. As expected, therefore, the fixed surface is not free of recrossings and thus does not satisfy the fundamental requirement for an exact TST dividing surface. The moving surface, by contrast, is crossed only once, at the reaction time head = 8.936 that is marked by the blue cut. The solid blue line in this cut shows the instantaneous position of the dividing surface dotted lines indicate coordinate axes. 

We have outlined how the conceptual tools provided by geometric TST can be generalized to deterministically or stochastically driven systems. The center-piece of the construction is the TS trajectory, which plays the role of the saddle point in the autonomous setting. It carries invariant manifolds and a TST dividing surface, which thus become time-dependent themselves. Nevertheless, their functions remain the same as in autonomous TST there is a TST dividing surface that is locally free of recrossings and thus satisfies the fundamental requirement of TST. In addition, invariant manifolds separate reactive from nonreactive trajectories, and their knowledge enables one to predict the fate of a trajectory a priori. 

Our first way of answering the last question will be based on the fundamental theorems on Hilbert space [14], Indeed, the theorem on separability tells us that any subspace of h is also a separable Hilbert space. As a consequence, the inner product defined on, say, the occupied subspace is hermitian irrespectively of the choice of the basis x f (/)], as long as this latter satisfies the fundamental requirements of Quantum Mechanics. One should therefore not have to impose this property as a constraint when counting the number of conditions arising from the constraint CC+ =1 but, on the contrary, can take it for granted. 

Several answers to this question come to mind, most conspicuously, If it makes work, its a paradigm . Any perusal of current evolutionary literature (Shostak, 1999) based on extant species and modern molecules shows that monophyly makes work, and, in the words of the philosopher and culture critic, Eric Alliez (1991, p. 76), ADMIT IT our situation is difficult because it works too well, because it s going too fast. Monophylism is thus legitimized by this fundamental requirement of paradigms. 

The involvement of farmers and their attitudes towards transgene confinement protocols and the risk associated with the production of GM crops has not commonly been considered by regulators, yet cooperation between neighbouring farmers may be a fundamental requirement for transgene confinement (Mauro and McLachlan 2003 Riddle, 2004 Tolstrup et al., 2003). The human or cultural element of coexistence management is difficult to characterize and control (Mauro and McLachlan, 2003) and this makes coexistence success difficult to predict. Open communication between neighbours, either formal or informal, is an essential element of a successful coexistence plan (Riddle, 2004). 

In those days, Statistics was more highly regarded than it is now, and the analytical chemists then knew the fundamental requirements of doing calibration work. There are several we need not go into all of them now, but the one that is pertinent to our current discussion is the one that states that, while the y-variable may contain error, the X-variable must be known without error. Now, in the real world this is never true, since all quantities are the result of some measurement, which will therefore have error... 

The fundamental requirement to obtain reliable electrical measurements in molecular junctions is the absence of electrical artefacts, such as formation of conducting... 

The mere presence of a polar functional group (ester, amide, ketone, ether, sulfonamide, urethane, etc.) seems to be a fundamental requirement for smooth macrocyclizations by RCM. The two examples displayed in Scheme 14 nicely illustrate this aspect. 

The only aspect to which the reader is referred is the fact that a comparison of the different strategies nicely illustrates the fundamental requirements for productive RCM as discussed in Sect. 3.3. Specifically, it is of utmost importance that (1) the distance of the olefinic sites to the polar relay substituents, and (2) the low steric hindrance close to the double bonds are properly assessed when choosing the site of ring closure (Scheme 24). Moreover, in all syntheses directed towards 75 or analogues thereof, mixtures of the (E)- and (Z)-isomers have been... 

It is less clear how one should handle the requirement of unexpected and recurrent panic attacks. This is an inclusion criterion in form, while it is an exclusion criterion in function. This requirement can be operationalized either as a selection filter or as a component of the syndrome. We think it useful to break up unexpected and recurrent into two components and consider them separately. The unexpectedness of the panic attack is such a fundamental requirement in the DSM definition that it makes sense to operationalize it as a selection criterion. According to the DSM, individuals who have only experienced situationally bound panic attacks cannot have a panic disorder diagnosis, which can happen if this criterion is used as an indicator in CCK analyses. An individual can become a taxon member by being elevated on some, but not necessarily all, indicators. Moreover, unexpectedness of a panic attack cannot be easily coded as a continuous variable, which can present computational difficulties, especially for MAXCOV. 

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