Methods of Installation

For a given quality of unshaped refractory material, the method of placement will decide its performance. The following sections detail the different methods of installation as used in various applications. 

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Fig. 19-3 Methods of installing anodes (a) Old loose concrete, two sprayed concrete layers, (b) solid concrete, one layer of sprayed concrete.

If the hub removal is necessary, such as required on compressor with non-split seals, a tapered hub fit on the shaft should be used. The removable hubs should have tapped puller holes. The shaft should be keyless with the preferred method of installation and removal by use of hydraulic dilation. Two injection ports 180° apart should be used whether injection is through the shaft or through the hub. Shrink fits should be 2 to 2.5 mil/in. of diameter. API 671 rcL ommends 1,5 mil/in. minimum, but experience indicates the heavier shrink may be required. For the juncture rating calculation, a f ra lion value of. 12 is recommended. 

Fines should normally be kept as short and free of bends as possible. However, tubing should not be assembled in a straight line, because a bend tends to eliminate strain by absorbing vibration and compensates for thermal expansion and contraction. Bends are preferred to elbows, because bends cause less loss of power. Some of the correct and incorrect methods of installing tubing are illustrated in Figure 40.26. 

Correct and incorrect methods of installing ilared-tube connectors are illustrated in Figure 40.38. Tubing nuts should be tightened with a torque wrench to the values specified in applicable technical publications. 

Figure 40.38 Correct and incorrect method of installing flared fittings...

Some laboratories have installed outlets on the front of work benches, just below the top. Dangling wires from such outlets are at best a nuisance and could also be hazardous. This method of installation is not recommended. 

The cost of GSE Curtain Wall technology varies depending on site conditions. The cost of the HOPE ranges from 10 to 30/ft (D18980E, p. 17). According to the U.S. DOE, the cost of a synthetic barrier installation depends on the subsurface composition, depth, and method of installation. The DOE estimates that installation costs range from 20 to 250/m (D17096R, p. 2). 

Tables 1 and 2 provide estimated cost information for walls emplaced using different grout materials and methods of installation. Table 3 is a comparison of the estimated costs of alternative installation techniques for vertical barriers in Europe.

API Recommended Practice 520 Part II, Installation This part covers methods of installation for pressure relief devices, including recommended piping practices, reaction force calculations and precautions on pre-installation, handling and inspection. 

Elements are congruent when the geometry of an element remains constant along its axis. Their process effect does not depend on the method of installation on the screw shaft. 

Figure 1. Typical Tenderay process room, showing method of installing Sterilamp tube...

Numerous types of sensors are employed in industrial plants, pilot plants, and laboratory units. Often, several are considered before the final selection is made for a specific application. The method of installing and operating the sensor is also most important. Attempts are often needed to minimize the temperature difference between the sensor and the process stream (or unit) to be measured, as discussed later. 

Figures 11.11 to 11.14 show different methods of installing fault limiting reactors into a power system. Figure 11.11 shows the simplest method in which one reactor is connected in series with each main generator. This is also the least expensive because no additional switchgear is required. However, it may not be the best technical solution because the value of reactance for each reactor tends to be higher than other options, and this could lead to stability problems. Also the terminal voltage of each generator under normal conditions will need to be kept slightly higher than before due to the reactive volt-drop in the reactor. This may reqnire some modifications to the AVR set-point circuits.

Reference half-cell electrodes should be installed in anodic sites without disturbing the concrete around the steel to be measured. A method of installation is shown in NACE 11100 (2000). There should be at least one electrode per zone and usually more. Other probes such as macrocell probes, null probes or electrical resistance probes (Section 5.2.4) may also be installed but usually in addition to half cells. 

As micropiles are essentially cast-in-place piles, the soil/pile interaction depends on the mechanical characteristics of the soil, specifically, the outer surface of the pile as well as on the installation procedures. Depending on the type and method of installation, certain type of micropiles can also be classified into displacement micropiles as well as non-displacement micropiles (Lizzi 2000). 

Fig. 19.4 (A) Tanks suitable for fermentation and beer maturation elevation, plan and side elevation. (B) Methods of installing storage tanks, (a) Vertical tanks (b) Strap mounting of suspended horizontal tanks (c) Bottom tank on concrete cradle, upper tank saddled (d) Bottom tanks on legs, upper tanks offset saddled (e) Bottom tanks on jacks, upper tanks interspaced and mounted on centre column (0 Bottom tanks ring mounted and suspended, upper tanks mounted on offset centre columns (g) Ring suspended multi-tier installation.

Lighting circuits are usually wired in 1.0 or 1.5 mm cable using either a loop-in or joint-box method of installation. The loop-in method is universally employed with conduit installations or when access from above or below is prohibited after installation, as is the case with some industrial installations or blocks of flats. In this method the only joints are at the switches or lighting points, the live conductors being looped from switch to switch and the neutrals from one lighting point to another. 

Lighting circuits are usually wired in 1.0 or 1.5 mm cable using either a loop-in or joint-box method of installation. The loop-in method is universally employed with conduit installations or when access from above... 

The different methods are applied for protection of metal against soil corrosion. The basic methods of protection are protective coating and insulation products, the creation of the built environment, electrochemical protection, the use of special methods of installation [10, 11]. 

The illustration shows different methods of installation of thermowells (with thermocouples inside) in a refractory brick-lined furnace. This is based on practical experience. It was seen that the thermowell projecting right inside up to the hot process material was getting damaged frequently. Hence, it was inserted only up to the back surface of the irmermost reftactory brick. Though it was not able to indicate the correct temperatirre of the hot process material, it could orrly irrdicate the trend for rise or fall of temperatiue and had more life. 

The specific type of cable employed in a given application depends primarily upon factors such as fiber type and fiber count, limitations on size, weight or cost, the proposed methods of installation and termination, and perhaps even the need for other specific performance capabilities. The latter may include items such as resistance to extraordinarily high compressive forces, temperatures, or electric field potentials (e.g., aerial installation along high-tension lines), or resistance to various chemicals or other organic hazards such as gnawing rodents. 

Another method of installing cable into duct is by moving the cable along the duct length using the action of a high-velocity air or other compressed fluid acting on the cable jacket. Air-assisted installation... 

Ultrasonic insertion is a fast and economical method of installing metal inserts into parts. This technique offers a high degree of mechanical reliability with excellent pull-out and torque retention combined with savings resulting from rapid production cycles. If the assembly is properly designed, ultrasonic insertion results in lower residual stress compared to molded-in or pressed-in techniques since a uniform melt occurs and a minimum amount of thermal shrinkage is involved. 

The requirements in section 527 are compatible with the 1991 Building Regulations and specify that the wiring system and its method of installation... 

In view of these requirements, and of the wide variety of mould designs and methods of installation, many types of manifold have been developed. The main criterion by which they may be divided is the heating method (see Chapter 1.2) ... 

To reduce the weight of the manifold, and in so doing to bring power consumption down, the best shape for the manifold is one that matches the channel layout. The distribution and method of installation of the heaters also has a bearing on manifold shape. Typical manifolds are shaped like one or more letters H, X or Y (see Figure 4.68), while frame (closed) shapes are avoided, since temperature differences may cause internal stresses in the manifold. The shape of the manifold should also allow extra cavity plate supports to be put in. 

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