Magnet, characteristics

Typical correlation between the magnetic characteristic and the body force measured on the head of 85 mm long M24 Friedberg 10.9 bolts where the thickness off the plates screwed together is more than 40mm. 

The basic condition of the Standard application - the availability of stable coupled probabilistic or the multiple probabilistic relations between then controlled quality indexes and magnetic characteristics of steel. All the probabilistic estimates, used in the Standard, are applied at confidence level not less than 0,95. General requirements to the means of control and procedure of its performance are also stipulated. Engineers of standard development endeavoured take into consideration the existed practice of technical control performance and test at the enterprises that is why the preparation of object control for the performance of nondestructive test can be done during the process of ordinary acceptance test. It is suggested that every enterprise is operated in correspondence with direct and non-destructive tests, obtained exactly at it, for detailed process chart and definite product type, however the tests have long since been performed after development of the Standard displayed that process gives way to unification. 

Selenium is added up to 0.1% to silicon steels (2—4% Si) used in transformer cores to enhance the development of the secondary recrystallization texture which, in turn, improves the magnetic characteristics. Selenium alloying additions to the melt may be made as elemental Se, nickel—selenium, or ferroselenium. The recovery depends on the melting practice and method of addition. Normally, it is in the range of 66%, but may be as high as 90%. 

In addition, the magnetic characteristics of a material can change as a function of stress (e.g., unannealed series 316 stainless steel can be magnetic after machining), temperature, pressure, and physical and chemical treatment. Therefore, when two paramagnetic materials with similar magnetic susceptibilities are to be separated, the possibility that pretreatment will facilitate subsequent separation should be studied. 

The CT manufacturer must provide the user with the magnetizing characteristics of the CTs, i.e. versus Vf. 

All such CBCTs have to be identical in turns ratio and magnetizing characteristics to avoid circulating currents among themselves. To order a CBCT the following information will be essential ... 

All CBCTs being used in parallel and intended for the same feeder must have identical magnetizing characteristics and calibration in order to relay identical signals. Even then small variations in the output may... 

The magnetic characteristics of an inductor coil will vary with the type of its configuration as discussed below. It can have one of the following shapes ... 

These are meant for parallel connections to absorb the reactive power (capacitive current) of the. system and are generally used on transmission and large distribution networks, as shown in Figure 27.8. They may have a fixed or variable reactance, rated continuously, and any of the magnetic characteristics as illustrated in Figure 27.2. Broadly speaking, they can perform the following functions ... 

These are meant to be used with a capacitor to tune a filter circuit, with resonances in the audio frequency range for reducing and filtering the harmonics or communication frequencies. They provide a near short-circuit for the required harmonics to filter them out of circuit. They may be single-phase or three-phase and connected in series or parallel of the capacitor circuit and may have a fixed or variable reactance, rated continuously with saturated magnetic characteristics. They may incur heavy losses. 

These are meant to provide high impedance to harmonic currents and block their entry or reduce their amplitudes and are therefore also known as blocking reactors. They may have any of the magnetic characteristics shown in Figure 27.2 and have a fixed reactance, rated continuously. 

Nickel-iron alloys have a number of important applications that are derived from such special physical properties as their unique magnetic characteristics in the regions of 35, 50 and 80% nickel and from their abnormally low thermal expansion in the region of 36-50% nickel. Although not specifically used as corrosion-resistant materials, their high resistance to attack from many common environments is of benefit in their specialised applications. 

Table 1 Magnetic characteristics of the spin ladders in [Cp2Mo(dmid)][TCNQF4] and [Cp2W (dmid)][TCNQF4] ...

Table 2 Evolution of the structural and magnetic characteristics of the [Cp2Mo(dmit)]X salts (X = PF6 , Asly,, Shly, ) with the anion size (BSf stands for the spin-flop field in AF state)...

To summarize, one can note that the magnetic characteristics of small clusters of the transition metals vary in a nonmonotonous way as a function of the number of atoms in the cluster. This nonscalable behavior is what makes small clusters interesting and complex at the same time, offering possibilities for future technological applications. 

Today, magnetic information carriers are widespread, and no other technology can compete in storage density and rate of access to stored data. Further improvement in performance requires the development of new magnetic materials with high saturation magnetic flux density, appropriate coercivity and suitable magnetic characteristics. 

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