Electrode spacing

ICIFM-21SP Monopolar Electrolyzers. Id s EM-21 SP monopolar electrolyzer incorporates stamped electrodes that are 2 mm thick and of a relatively small (0.2 m ) size (50). The electrolyte compartments are created by molded gaskets between two of the electrode plates the electrode spacing is finite and is estabHshed by gasket thickness. The electrode frames are supported from rails and are compressed between one fixed and one floating end plate by tie rods. Inlet and outlet streams are handled by internal manifolds. A crosscut view of the electrolyzer is shown in Eigure 21. As of 1989, ICI had Hcensed 20 plants having an annual capacity of 468,250 t of NaOH. 

Table 12 shows the physicochemical data of separators used in open stationary batteries. Since the emphasis is on low acid displacement, low electrical resistance, and high chemical stability, the phenolic resin-resorcinol separator is understandably the preferred system, even though polyethylene separators, especially at low backweb, are frequently used. For large electrode spacing and consequently high separation thickness, microporous as well as sintered... 

Particularly, the trans isomer of l,2-dimethyl-l,2-diphenylethylene is coplanar and the cis isomer is noncoplanar. However, both isomers are oriented in an identical manner within the electrode space and electric field (Homer and Roder 1969). The energy needed for such an orientation is not markedly reflected in the value of a potential. For oxidation potentials, there are also data that these potentials are not sensitive to diastereoisomerism (Fukui et al. 2007). 

In 1996, the vendor stated that the results of pilot-scale studies using simulated soil samples indicated that the energy expenditures for the extraction of heavy metals from soils may be at least 500 kWh/m at electrode spacings of 1.0 to 1.5 m. The direct cost of these studies suggests that the energy expenditure and enhancement costs for a full-scale application of the technology could be at least 50/m (D12897W, p. 183). 

Fig. 2.3. Plasma potential Vp vs the dc voltage applied to a small surface ( 1.3cm ) in the discharge. Argon pressure = 75 millitorr, 13.56 MHz rf power = 100 watts, target area = 100 cm, inter-electrode spacing = 5 cm. (See Ref. )...

As the detonation wave nears the probe, the pulse rises rapidly because of the rapid increase of field strength with decrease of effective electrode spacing"... 

The design of the booster system was determined by the electrode spacing and was adjusted for each expl tested so that initiation would occur in less than one microsecond As the output of an explosive filled transducer changed with time as the shock wave... 

Fig. 5a-d AFM images of DNA assembled in various devices, a Mixed-sequence DNA between platinum electrodes spaced by 40 nm. Scale bar 50 nm. b Height image of poly(dG)-poly(dC) DNA bundles on platinum electrodes. The distance between electrodes is 200 nm, and the scale bar is 1 um. c High magnification image of the device shown in b. Several DNA bundles clearly extend over the two electrodes. Scale bar 200 nm. d Poly(dG)-poly(dC) DNA bundles on platinum electrodes fabricated on a mica substrate. Scale bar 500 nm. For all these devices, no conduction was observed (from [59], with permission Copyright 2001 by the American Institute of Physics)... 

Moreover, in agreement with the given relationships, the photoconductive gain G increases considerably with decreasing electrode spacing at constant field strength and layer thickness (cf. Table 1 50>). 

As discussed in Section II.4, it is necessary to use photoelectric devices with small electrode spacings... 

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