Source of information

The writer has made use of the unrivalled database of current and recent technical literature about the polymer industry available at Rapra (www.polymerlibrary.com), both scientific and commercial, as well as other major UK libraries. He has attended several conferences and trade exhibitions, and has used munerous company reports, press releases and Internet websites. 

The figures cited here for consumption, growth etc. have in most cases been obtained from consultancy, industry and the trade association sources that routinely produce such estimates. 

In order to get a better view on what information was available on dioxin emission and abatement, the industry delegation organised a special woikshop, in September 2003. This workshop was attended by over 30 partieipants, both TWG members and industry experts. It provided additional operational data and useful technical information. 

The data quality of this document shows an imbalance, in that, for instance, consumption and emission levels mentioned in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 vary from survey data for the sector in a whole country, to data covering several example plants, to specific data on single plants. 

Emission data for non-ferrous metals are mainly based on single installations. For the melting of copper and zinc, only emission factors (given in kg/tonne of metal or kg/tonne of casting) were supplied. For the melting of magnesium and lead, no consumption and emission levels were provided. For the melting of aluminium, no emission data were provided for induction, rotary or 

The doeument eontains information on waste water prevention and treatment teehniques. However, no data were supplied on the emission levels associated with these techniques. No operational data on waste water quality in relation to the applied treatment were provided. It was therefore not possible to determine a BAT associated emission level for waste water. 

No information was provided concerning techniques for the abatement of VOC-emissions. The lack of information on abatement techniques and associated emission levels made it impossible to formulate a BAT eonclusion. Techniques for the reduction of VOC-emissions related to coating processes (as applied to cores and moulds) may be found in the BREF on Surface Treatment Using Solvents. 

The Militarily Critical Technologies List, Office of the Under Secretary of 

Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Technologies Underlying 

Weapons of Mass Destruction, OTA-BP-ISC-115, (Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office, December 1993). 

Arms Control Status of U.S.-Russian Agreements and the Chemical 

Tanzman, Edward A, Implementing the Chemical Weapons Convention  

Managing Chemicals Safely, Putting It All Together, US Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, US Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Publication Number S/N 055-000-003980-0, Mar. 1992. 

Plasma Etching An Introduction, (D. Manos, ed.). Academic Press, Inc. (1989) 

Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals Chemicals, Explosives and Blasting Agents, TYnn/Federal Register, 57(36) 6403-6417 (Feb. 24, 1992) 

Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures, 2nd edition. Center for Chemical Process Safety, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York (1992) 

In the course of their daily work, managers and safety advisers need to obtain information about a whole range of subjects. It is not realistic to expect them to have all the information they need at their fingertips but they should know where to go to get that information. This section looks at some of the sources of information available to managers and safety advisers. 

It is convenient to consider this in two parts written information and oral information. 

Further information on current health and safety issues can be obtained from  

The above HSC/E guidance publications are listed in the HSE Books Catalogue obtainable free from HSE Books. This price list also contains information on IT services offered by HSE. The free pamphlets are listed in List of Free Publications available free from HSE Books. 

Safety advisers are generally happy to discuss safety problems on the phone subject to there being no commercial implications. Employer/employee organizations and the national safety organizations tend to give advice only to their members. Safety consultants are likely to charge for any advice. 

Further information on current health and safety issues, including developments in the EU, are given in HSC Newsletter published bimonthly. 

Considerable useful and up-to-date information on plastic and elastomeric foams is available from journals, manufacturers bulletins, technical conferences and their published proceedings, seminars and workshops, standardization activities, trade associations, consultants and information centers (such as PLASTEC), in addition to books, many of which have been cited in the previous chapters. Some of these sources will be listed and commented upon briefly in this chapter. 

Assessment Phase The assessment phase aims to collect data needed to identify and analyze pollution-prevention opportunities. Assessment of the facility s waste-reduction needs includes the examination of (hazardous) waste streams, process operations, and the identification of techniques that often promise the reduction of waste generation. Information is often derived from observations made during a facility walk-through, interviews with employees (e.g., operators, line workers), and review of site or regulatory records. One professional organization suggests the following sources of information be reviewed, as available (Ref. 7)  

Process flow diagrams for all solid waste, wastewater, and air emissions sources 

Site maps showing the location of all pertinent units (e.g., pollution-control devices, points of discharge) 

Environmental documentation, including Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), military specification data, permits (e.g., NPDES, POTW, RCRA), SARA Title III reports, waste manifests, and any pending permits or application information 

Economic data, including cost of raw materials cost of air, wastewater, and (hazardous) waste treatment waste management operating and maintenance costs and waste disposal costs 

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This presentation will not attempt to present all these projects, but instead focus on the ongoing network activities and the available sources for further information through the Commission s information services, with the CORDIS database being the prime source of information (see details at the end of the paper). 

The main source of information about EU research activities is the CORDIS database, also accessible via Internet ... 

A more stable source of information is represented by databases. 

A good source of information regarding the scientifre background of ab-initio and semi-empirical calculations are the manuals that accompany commercial software. Some of the documentation is available for evaluation on the Internet,... 

Thi.s could provide a much richer source of information on chemical reactions and thus build a better basis for automatic learning methods. 

These examples served to show that the Biochemical Pathways database provides a rich source of information on these all important reactions that determine the transformation of nutrients into the broad spectrum of compounds contained in living species and the concomitant production of energy to keep these processes going. 

Reaction databases present a rich source of information for the extraction of knowledge for reaction prediction and synthesis design,... 

It is regretted that the size of the volume has rendered the insertion of literature references impossible the Selected Bibliography (A,5) may partly compensate for this omission. Section numbers are now included in the headings of the pages—a feature introduced in response to requests by many readers. The volume comprises virtually at least three books under one cover, viz., experimental technique, preparations, and qualitative organic analysis. It should therefore continue to be of value as a one volume reference work in the laboratory. Students at all levels will find their requirements for laboratory work (excluding quantitative organic analysis) adequately provided for and, furthermore, the writer hopes that the book will be used as a source of information to supplement their theoretical studies. 

In compiling this book, the author has drawn freely from all sources of information available to him—research notes, original memoirs in scientific journals, reference works on organic chemistry, the numerous text books on practical organic chemistry, and pamphlets of manufac turers of specialised apparatus. Whilst individual acknowledgement cannot obviously be made—in many cases the original source has been lost track of—it is a duty and a pleasure to place on record the debt the writer owes to all these sources. Mention must, however, be made of Organic Syntheses, to which the reader is referred for further details of many of the preparations described in the text. 

II. How to Use This Book Other Sources of Information and Building Necessary Background... 

Dewar and his co-workers, as mentioned above, investigated the reactivities of a number of polycyclic aromatic compounds because such compounds could provide data especially suitable for comparison with theoretical predictions ( 7.2.3). This work was extended to include some compounds related to biphenyl. The results were obtained by successively compounding pairs of results from competitive nitrations to obtain a scale of reactivities relative to that of benzene. Because the compounds studied were very reactive, the concentrations of nitric acid used were relatively small, being o-i8 mol 1 in the comparison of benzene with naphthalene, 5 x io mol 1 when naphthalene and anthanthrene were compared, and 3 x io mol 1 in the experiments with diphenylamine and carbazole. The observed partial rate factors are collected in table 5.3. Use of the competitive method in these experiments makes them of little value as sources of information about the mechanisms of the substitutions which occurred this shortcoming is important because in the experiments fuming nitric acid was used, rather than nitric acid free of nitrous acid, and with the most reactive compounds this leads to a... 

There are a number of other sources of information available about the synthesis of indoles. The most comprehensive entree to the older literature is through Volume 25, Parts I-IIl, of The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, which were published between 1972 and 1979[23]. Work to the early 1980s is reviewed in Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry[24 and a second edition is forthcoming[25]. Other reviews emphasizing recent developments are also availablc[26-28]. 

In principle, the relaxation spectrum H(r) describes the distribution of relaxation times which characterizes a sample. If such a distribution function can be determined from one type of deformation experiment, it can be used to evaluate the modulus or compliance in experiments involving other modes of deformation. In this sense it embodies the key features of the viscoelastic response of a spectrum. Methods for finding a function H(r) which is compatible with experimental results are discussed in Ferry s Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers. In Sec. 3.12 we shall see how a molecular model for viscoelasticity can be used as a source of information concerning the relaxation spectrum. 

In addition to an array of experimental methods, we also consider a more diverse assortment of polymeric systems than has been true in other chapters. Besides synthetic polymer solutions, we also consider aqueous protein solutions. The former polymers are well represented by the random coil model the latter are approximated by rigid ellipsoids or spheres. For random coils changes in the goodness of the solvent affects coil dimensions. For aqueous proteins the solvent-solute interaction results in various degrees of hydration, which also changes the size of the molecules. Hence the methods we discuss are all potential sources of information about these interactions between polymers and their solvent environments. 

K. H. Brown, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instr. Eng. 2438, 33 (1995). A good source of information on the new exposure technologies can be found in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Electron, Ion and Photon Beam Technology and Nanofabrication, pubhshed annuaUy in Issue 6 of the Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B. 

Annual Proceedings of the Safety Seminars, Dept, of Defense, Explosive Safety Board, Washington, D.C. International symposia on explosives and closely related subjects are excellent sources of information, ie, international symposia on detonation symposia on combustion symposia on chemical problems connected with the stabiUty of explosives international pyrotechnics seminars symposia on compatibiUty of plastics and other materials with explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics, and processing of explosives, propellants, and ingredients and symposia on explosives and pyrotechnics Mineral Industy Surveys, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Periodic pubhcations dedicated primarily to explosive studies in Propellants and Explosives Journal of Ha yardous Materials, and apparent consumption of industrial explosives and blasting agents in the United States. 

Sources of information on the testing evaluation and properties of explosives include the following ... 

The Annual Proceedings of the Joiat Army-Navy-Air Force (JANNAF) Propulsion Meetings, the reports of the special committees, and the periodic hterature surveys pubHshed by the Chemical Propulsion Information Agency including the aimual Chemical Propulsion Abstracts are iuvaluable sources of information on all aspects of Hquid and soHd gun and rocket propellants. They maybe classified. 

Integrated Systems. Until recently, each of the numerous databases and sources of information available to chemists and technologists had to be searched iadividually, and selected results either ptinted for file storage or downloaded to an ia-house or private computer system for easy future access. 

ISI is available in hard copy and electronically at EPA s headquarters and regional Hbraries, and through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). The electronic form may be installed on IBM PC-compatible computers or placed on local area networks, and mn under Microsoft WINDOWS or WordPerfect s Library program. The Macintosh version is no longer available. The 1993 update will include the ISI hardcopy, PC disks, and the PC system user manual. EPA also pubHshes ACCESS EPA, which provides sources of information, databases, and pubHcations within the EPA. Chapter 5 of that pubhcation includes important environmental databases in air and soHd waste, pesticides and toxic substances, water, and cross-program (110). EPA also provides databases accessible through EPA Hbraries, which describe the private EPA and commercial databases available to Hbrary users (111). 

Seminars, workshops, and short courses sponsored by professional societies and trade associations provide the needed training in materials standards and specifications. Familiarisation with sources of information in the field, how to prepare specifications and standards, how to tailor requirements for cost effectiveness, and the cross-referencing and correlation of specifications and standards are covered. 

Drinking Water Health Advisories for Pesticides, Office of Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Lewis Pubhshets, Chelsea, Mich., 1989. Includes data used for evaluating 1-day, 10-day, and longer-term health advisories for 50 pesticides which have a potential for being found in drinking water, with specific references as sources of information. 

Ref. 12 is an excellent, although dated, source of information from the chemical perspective of dmg—receptor iateractions. 

Ref. 44 by Ken akin is an excellent and detailed source of information for the quantitative analysis of dmg—receptor iateractions. 

There are several exceUent sources of information about the platinum-group metals. The exceUent reference work G. Wilkinson, R. D. GiUard, and J. A. McCleverty, eds.. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K., 1987, contains iadividual chapters devoted to descriptive chemistry of each element. 

No coherent threadline could be maintained and the extmdate flew off the windup as short, brittle, crystalline lengths. Not until many years later did other workers show that this polymer on cooling exhibits a mesophase transition directly from the isotropic melt to a smectic A phase. Good sources of information on Hquid crystals and Hquid crystal polymers are available (212—216). 

Reactions Between Refractories. In Table 17, the compatibilities of various refractories are given over a range of temperatures. Dissimilar refractories can react vigorously with each other at high temperatures. Phase diagrams are an excellent source of information concerning the reactivity between refractories. 

An extensive compilation of the properties of compound semiconductors may be found in the Landolt-Bn mstein reference books (13,14). Various subvolumes in the series cover the properties of elemental. III—V, II—V, and other less common semiconductors. Information may also be found concerning semiconductor technology. Another useful source of information is the EMIS data review series (15). These books describe the properties and technology of GaAs, HgCdTe, InP, AlGaAs, InGaAs, and the III—V nitride compounds. 

Most tanks store Hquid rather than gases or soHds. Characteristics and properties such as corrosiveness, internal pressures of multicomponent solutions, tendency to scale or sublime, and formation of deposits and sludges are vital for the tank designer and the operator of the tank and are discussed herein. Excluded from the discussion are the unique properties and hazards of aerosols (qv), unstable Hquids, and emulsions (qv). A good source of information for Hquid properties for a wide range of compounds is available (2). 

A critical but often overlooked aspect of the technical service function is the value of relationships that develop between more senior members of the technical service staff and their coUeagues at customer sites. Professional relationships provide value both to suppHer and customer by virtue of the tmst and respect generated in a successhil technical service interaction, analogous to the types of mutuaUy valuable relationships that can develop between suppHer sales personnel and a customer s purchasing personnel. A more efficient process of gathering and dispersing new and usehil technical information can result from these relationships, because the persons involved work in different environments and are exposed in the course of their work to different external sources of information. 

Through its committees, divisions, and chapters, the American Vacuum Society has produced a nearly complete bibhography (to 1996) (8), a dictionary of terms (9), a monograph series, and a number of other useful pubHcations (10). Another source of information is the Association of Vacuum Equipment Manufacturers. A history of vacuum ideas and technology development from the Middle Ages to Newton has been given (11). 

The monograph on zinc is a valuable general reference on zinc technology (3). Furthermore, detailed descriptions of extractive processes, resource data, and environmental- and energy-related papers from symposia of the Metallurgical Society of the AIME are a rich source of information (4—7). 

The Office of Saline Water (now the Off. of Water Res. Tech.) of the U.S. Dept, of Interior pubHshed almost 1000 reports and was responsible for numerous articles on desalination. The Nuclear Desalination Information Center of Oak Ridge National Laboratory maintains a bibHography of these sources of information, which are abstracted and indexed in ORNL-NDlC-11 and -13. 

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