Safety explosion

For any proposed suppression system design, it is necessary to ascribe with confidence an effective worst-case suppressed maximum explosion overpressure Pred.max- Provided that the suppressed explosion overpressure is less than the process equipment pressure shoclc resistance and provided further that this projected suppression is achieved with a sufficient margin of safety, explosion protection security is assured. These two criteria are mutually independent, but both must be satisfied if a suppression system is to be deployed to provide industrial explosion protection. 

Miner s Safety Explosive (Explosif de Surete Mineurs). The name under which ammonites were originally known Ref Daniel (1902), 441... 

Redox reactions play an important role in industrial safety. Explosives are used in controlled ways in the mining, highway, and construction industries. The use of explosives allows modern workers to break up bedrock and carry out necessary demolitions from a safe distance. Chemists are involved in the development and production of explosives. They are also involved in making recommendations for the safe handling and disposal of explosives. 

The International Committee on Explosives and the German Railway Commission prescribed the following ignition tests, applied mostly to safety explosives. It is advisable to conduct these tests behind a protecting barricade... 

Trinitronaftalina (TNN) is described in Belgrano (Ref 31, pp 298—99). It was used during WWI in mixture with TNT called Tritrinal (qv) also in some esplosivi di sicurezza (Safety Explosives) such as TNN 27, AN 27 Na nitrate 58% (See also Sabuliti)... 

Explosifs de suret (Safety Explosives). French and Belgian term for expls "safe to handle and to transport", but it does not mean that such expls are safe for use in coal mines with. atmosphere contg firedamp and coal dust. For expls safe to use in such coal mines, the teim "explosifs anrigrisouteux is applied. This distinction between the terms was recommended by Belg Prof Watteyne and adopted by the Congres de Chimie Appliquee at Rome in 1906(Refs la St 2)... 

The term "explosifs de sftrete" corresponds to Amer and British "Safety Explosives" German "Handhabungssichere Spreng-stoffe" (Refs 3 St 4) Russian "Besopasnyiye v Obrashchenii Vziyvchatyiye Veshchestva (Ref 5) Italian "Esplosivi di sicurezza"... 

Ref Hackh s Diet (1944), 367-R Note Someone has reported that gambir was used in admixture with K chlorate in some safety explosives ... 

Geloxites, Brit safety explosives contg NG 54—64, K nitrate 13—22, Amm oxalate 12—15, woodmeal 4—7 red ochre 1%... 

Certain types of safety explosives were designed on the basis of a number of tests, although until recently there were considerable differences in the composition of these explosives in different countries. This was due to different working conditions in mines, different methods for testing the safety of explosives etc. 

The first safety explosives produced in France are tabulated below ... 

In Belgium, at first explosives modelled on the French ones were used, but later they were replaced by others containing cooling ingredients, such as ammonium chloride, sulphate, or oxalate or sodium chloride. The safety explosives used initially in Belgium included mixtures with ammonium perchlorate, of the Yonckite type. Examples of these explosives for rock and coal work are given in Table 95. 

The flame of explosion. Experiments by Hiscock [27] and T. Urbanski [28] showed that the flame of safety explosives in firedamp and coal-dust is very small and its intensity insignificant. These explosives, differed little in the dimensions and intensity of flame produced in these tests. 

The two sets of photographs illustrated were taken by Cybulski. Both refer to safety explosives used in Poland, viz., ammonium nitrate type Metanit B (Fig. 131) and nitroglycerine (dynamite) type, Barbaryt AGI (Fig. 132). 

As examples of safety explosives, Metanits may be cited (Table 113). 

Class I safety explosives (unsheathed) should fulfil the old safety requirements,... 

Class II safety explosives must fulfil new conditions when tested in an angle-shot mortar 350 g of explosive fired in this mortar at a distance of 65 cm from the wall and at an angle of 40° must not ignite a 9% methane-air mixture. The charge is increased by increments of 25 g. The charge limit should not give an ignition in any of five consecutive shots. 

Class III safety explosives must be safe in a 9% methane-air mixture when fired with the maximum number of cartridges that can be placed in a row in the 2 m long groove of the angle-shot mortar. The experiment starts with 1800 g charge. It is increased by 200 g increments. The charge limit is determined this should not give any inflammation in five consecutive shots. 

From the point of view of composition, German safety explosives are classified as formerly into three groups ... 

Permitted, which have passed special statutory tests as safety explosives, for use in coal mines, where methane-air mixtures or inflammable coal-dust are likely to be present. 

This led to the manufacture of Anzen-Bakuyaku ammonium nitrate safety explosives on the lines of European compositions, but later modified to suit the damp climate of Japan (Yamamoto [85]). The production of the following new explosives began in 1913 ... 

Polish safety explosives for coal mining included Bradyt F. Its composition was developed by T. Urbanski [87] ... 

Predokhranitel nyiye Vzryvcharyiye Veshchestva v Gornoy Promyshlennosci (Safety Explosive Substances in Mining Industry), Ugletekhizdat, Moscow (1953) 49) A- Izzo,... 

Seeurite or Sekurit, A gelatinized O-ba-lanced safety explosive patented recently in Sweden by Wetterholm, It is described in this Vol of Encycl, p D1255 L... 

The emulsions are then in some circumstances also ignitable without boosters with blasting caps. Such emulsions are addressed as safety explosives (74). Some emulsifier formulations for explosives are summarized in Table 6.7. 

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