Original sources

Sulfitr and nitrogen contents in 550°C uacaum residues according to crude oil origin. Source Total. 

In compiling this book, the author has drawn freely from all sources of information available to him—research notes, original memoirs in scientific journals, reference works on organic chemistry, the numerous text books on practical organic chemistry, and pamphlets of manufac turers of specialised apparatus. Whilst individual acknowledgement cannot obviously be made—in many cases the original source has been lost track of—it is a duty and a pleasure to place on record the debt the writer owes to all these sources. Mention must, however, be made of Organic Syntheses, to which the reader is referred for further details of many of the preparations described in the text. 

With all components in the ideal gas state, the standard enthalpy of the process is exothermic by —165 kJ (—39.4 kcal) per mole of methane formed. Biomass can serve as the original source of hydrogen, which then effectively acts as an energy carrier from the biomass to carbon dioxide, to produce substitute (or synthetic) natural gas (SNG) (see Euels, synthetic). 

Fusel Oils. The original source of amyl alcohols was from fusel oil which is a by-product of the ethyl alcohol fermentation industry. Refined amyl alcohol from this source, after chemical treatment and distillation, contains about 85% 3-methyl-1-butanol and about 15% 2-methyl-1-butanol, both primary amyl alcohols. Only minor quantities of amyl alcohol are suppHed from this source today. A German patent discloses a distillative separation process for recovering 3-methyl-1-butanol from fusel oil (93). 

Wood is the original source of 99% of the pulp fiber produced in the United States. Although virtually any wood can be pulped by some process, there are certain species commonly used for pulp because of desirabiUty of fiber, ease of pulping, availabiUty, or less competition with other wood products. The common pulpwoods in the United States are Hsted in Table 1. 

The physical properties of tantalum are presented in Table 1 and represent the best values from several compilations (5—8). Original sources of the data are given in the Hterature. 

USA and Western European data were presented differently in the original source material. Pipe and conduit tonnages and also export sales as well as sales to compounders are included under Other for USA data. 

Given this range of values in the literature, it is probably easiest for the user to go to the original source and assume that h = 2d. ... 

The present review covers the literature to the end of 1967 and all original sources have been consulted. Syntheses of each of the four ring systems are summarized separately, but physical, chemical, and biological properties are considered generally. Many pjTidopyri-midines were initially synthesized for a study of biological activity or physical properties because of the close structural relationship of these systems to the quinazolines (5) and pteridines (6). Recent reviews have discussed these related compounds. 

Ur-schleim, m. protoplasm, -schrift, /. original copy, original, -sprung, m. origin, source. 

To produce electricity from a geothermal resource, wells are drilled into the reservoir, and as the hot, high-pressure water travels to Earth s surface, some of It vaporizes into steam as the pressure decreases. The hotter the original source, the greater the amount of dry steam produced. For dry-steam... 

Figure 8-140. Studies of sieve tray and bubble cap tray flooding (24-in. tray spacing). (Note that the references listed on the illustrations in Figure 8-140 are from the original source, while Ref. 185 Is from this text.) Used by pennission. Fair, J. R., Petro/Chem Engineer, Sept. (1961) p. 45, reproduced courtesy Petroleum Engineer International Dallas, Texas.

No references to the original literature are given in the text. This is because the introduction of such references would have considerably increased the size and therefore the price of the book. However, a discussion on the literature of analytical chemistry is given in the Appendix. With the aid of the various volumes mentioned therein — which should be available in all libraries of analytical chemistry — and the Collective Indexes of Chemical Abstracts or of British Chemical Abstracts, little difficulty will, in general, be experienced in finding the original sources of most of the determinations described in the book. 

Although considerable effort has been made to present this informatioh as accurately as possible, mistakes and errors in transcription and translation do occur. Therefore, the authors encourage the readers to consult original sources, when possible, and to feel free to point out errors and omissions of important works so that corrections and additions can be listed in the next volume. The interpretations of data and opinions expressed are often those of the authors and are not necessarily those nor the responsibility of officials of ARRADCOM or the Department of the Army... 

Values were reproduced from a tabulation by J. R. Goates and J. B. Ott in Chemical Thermodynamics An Introduction, Harcourt Brace, Jovanovich. Inc., New York, 1971, pp. 137— 139. References to the original sources for these data are given there. b Normal sublimation point. 

A complete set of references to all sources of data are included, so that the reader can go to the original source if more detail is needed. We have also tried to include references to more advanced and specialized texts, monographs, reviews, and other compilations that the reader who is looking for more detail, can go to for supplementary reading. 

The thermochemical data for the sulfoxides, sulfones, sulfites and sulfates, derived from calorimetric measurements, are given in Tables 1-5. All entries in the tables were checked by examination of the original sources. Where available, data are given for the gas phase and either the liquid (lq) or solid (c) phase. Preference was given to gas and liquid phase data. 

The present volume presents the results of an attempt to collect all relevant data as complete as possible. In a few cases original sources were not accessible despite considerable efforts. To provide a critical review and a complete reevaluation of the reported data is not the purpose of this collection. Consequently all data are reported, only conversion into standard units and with respect to standard references were made when necessary and reasonable, obvious printing errors were corrected. 

As treated in other chapters of this book, air masses often transport acidic pollutants thousands of kilometres from their original source prior to deposition. Because air mass and storm movements tend to follow regular patterns, there is a strong linkage between the sources of pollutants and the areas that receive the acidic deposition. In eastern North America, the air mass movements and storm tracks are, on the average, from southwest towards the northeast. This serves to carry the emitted pollutants from the industrial "heartland over the more rural and comparatively pristine area of the northeast United States and southeastern Qmada (14). The spatial distribution of sulphate deposition over the eastern United States and Canada in 1980 is shown in Figure 4 (17). 

Figure 2 Comparison of cloning and expression methods. In the conventional strategy (left), dehydrogenase genes obtained by PCR amplification of the original source DNAs are cloned into overexpression plasmids and verified by sequencing. Those with the desired structure are individually transformed into suitable host strains and the proteins are obtained, either as crude extracts or as purified samples. In the proposed streamlined approach (right), full-length dehydrogenase genes obtained by chemical synthesis are used directly in coupled transcription/translation reactions to obtain the proteins of interest.

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