Economic data

Express the desired specifications of the final product, namely by identifying critical impurities that affect specifications and price. Search prices for valuable byproducts. 

The prices for raw materials are a function of purity. For commodities and intermediate chemicals, it is more advantageous to integrate the process in an existing industrial complex. Consider the prices for storage and transport. 

Process utilities are fuel, steam, cooling water, chilled water, brines, electricity and refrigeration. Prices on transactional basis are lower. Specify limitations in supply. 

Estimate the cost of waste disposal, as well as the treatment of volatile organic components (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and any other materials forbidden by the environmental regulations. 

Process Adsorption Cryogenics (condensation) Organic membranes  

Hydroeexk synchesis gases and their derh cives 

2 Techniques for producing hydrogen from hydrocarbons and organic raw materials 

As discussed above, the themai decomposition of hydrocarbons is employed neither as an industrial method for producing hydrogen, nor for the purihcation of certain effluents. On the other hand, it appears as a side reaction in processes of controlled oxidation with oxygen and water reforming, the only ones commerdaiized at present. 

Many different feedstocks are employed natural gas (methane, ethane, propane etc., petroleum cuts (Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG, naphtha, fuel oil, vacuum residues, asphalts etc.), coal, biomass (lignocellulose wastes, wood etc.). 

Chapter 1 Hydrogen, synthesis gases and their derivatives 

Raw millet ial Natural gas Naphtha Vacuum residue Cniii 

Process Steam reforming Steam reforming Partial oxidation Gasification 1 

I HOiim illlN III- I I,/CO SYNTItHKIS IIAS WITIllliriI. XTI. IINAI, CO, INI lll. I UllNOAIK I A1 A 

The proportion of coal-derived benzene in coke production, such as Japan or West Germ  

Production of m-xylene is confined to a small number of countries capacity in the USA is 110,000 tpa (Amoco), in Italy 30,000 tpa (Nurachem) and in Japan around 60,000 tpa (Mitsubishi Gas Chemical). 

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As discussed in Section 13.2, the technical, fiscal and economic data gathered to construct a project cashflow carry uncertainty. An economic base case is constructed using, for example, the most likely values of production profile and the 50/50 cost estimates, along with the best estimate of future oil prices and the anticipated production agreement and fiscal system. 

Physician s Desk Reference, 48th ed.. Medical Economics Data Production, Montvale, N.J., 1994, p. 2414. 

Table 21. Worldwide Production and United States Economic Data for Magnesium Oxide ...

Dmg Topics," The Red Book, Medical Economic Data, Montavale, N.J., 1992. 

Economic data, including cost of raw material management cost of air, wastewater, and hazardous waste treatment waste management operating and maintenance costs and waste disposal costs... 

The actual reflux ratio that one pieks should be optimized from economics data. For a ballpark estimate use... 

Air stripping is used to remove 90% of the toluene (molecular weight = 92) dissolved in a 10 kg/s (159 gpm) wastewater stream. The inlet composition of toluene in the wastewater is 500 ppm. Air (essentially free of toluene) is compressed to 202.6 kPa (2 atm) and bubbled through a stripper which contains sieve trays. In order to avoid fire hazards, the concentration of toluene in the air leaving the stripper is taken as 50% of the lower flammability limit (LFL) of toluene in air. The toluene-laden air exiting the stripper is fed to a condenser which recovers almost all the toluene. A schematic representation of the process is shown in Fig. 2.11. Calculate the annual operating cost and the fixed capital investment for the system. The following physical and economic data are available ... 

A gaseous emission has a flowrate of 0.02 kmole/s and contains 0.014 mole fraction of vinyl chloride. The supply temperature of the stream is 338 K. It is desired to recover 80% of the vinyl chloride using a combination of pressurization and cooling. Available for service are two refrigerants NH3 and Nj. Thermodynamic and economic data are provided by problem 10.1 and by Dunn etal. (1995), Design a cost-effective energy-induced separation system. 

Detailed economics of individual industrial processes, including SCP processes, are usually regarded as confidential, out of fear that publication may lend advantage to competitors. In addition, economy of scale rule generally applies (that is as the production capacity increases, the cost of the product decreases), so that direct comparisons can only be made between systems of similar capacity. Some economic data on SCP processes have been published and are presented in the Resource Material at the end of this chapter. You should appreciate that the data are outdated by more than a decade, during which time substrate costs will have varied relative to each other, and technology will have improved. This means that the comparative costs presented in Table 4.13, for example, may not be now as presented there. Nevertheless the data presented do provide an outline of the economics of SCP production. The processes referred to in the Resource Material are not necessarily those mentioned in the text and so you may find some differences in detail. 

Crane, C.J. and Carr, S.H. 1994 The integration and quantification of economic data from a late Preclassic Maya community in Belize. In Sobolik, K.D., ed., Paleonutrition The Diet and Health of Prehistoric Americans. Occasional Paper 22, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Carbondale, University of Southern Illinois 66-79. 

Economic data relating to amisulpride are very few, despite the longstanding availability of this dmg in France. There appears to be only one published economic evaluation—a comparison with haloperidol (Souetre et al, 1992). In this French study, direct medical... 

In the first case, the minimum values for the economic yardsticks were evaluated assuming that a conservative 7300 bbl (= 8150 bbl -850 bbl 1160 m3 = 1295 m3 - 135 m3) of incremental oil had been produced by the end of the project. Maximum values for the economic data were calculated by assuming that 9000 bbl (= 8150 bbl + 850 bbl 1430 m3 = 1295 m3 + 135 m3) of incremental oil were produced by only 61.6 % of the TFSA which had been injected into Well TU-120 this assumption is based on the results of the tracer study which showed that as much as 38.4 % of the injected fluids flowed out of the pilot pattern. In the final case, the most probable values for the economic yardsticks were calculated assuming the 8150 bbl (1295 m3> of incremental oil were produced by 90 % of the TFSA. 

One might question whether the cost information in Table 7-2 and Fig. 7-4 could be used today, because these data are based on 1980 information and prices have increased greatly since that time. Elowever, as seen from Eq. (7-25), the cost parameters (i.e., B, C, and a) appear as a ratio. Since capital costs and energy costs tend to inflate at approximately the same rate (see, e.g., Durand et al., 1999), this ratio is essentially independent of inflation, and conclusions based on 1980 economic data should be valid today. 

It is also interesting to look into the future use of sensors in household appliances. An attempt to do this is made in Chapter 6 where the influence factors in this broad field are analyzed. These include socio-economic data of the end users (like age of the population) and their preferences (like savings of energy, water and detergents), ease of use and cost of ownership, as described in Chapter 6.1. One specific and interesting future development can be foreseen - the integration of home appliances into heretofore strictly separated areas, such as... 

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