Sources of further information and advice

and Lee, C. H. (2006) High-temperature ceramic gas sensors A review. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology 3,302-11. 

Akiyama, M. (1991) Tungsten Oxide-Based Semiconductor Sensor Highly Sensitive to NO and NOj. Chemistry Letters 20,1611. 

Alhomoudi, LA. and Newaz, G. (2009) Residual stresses and Raman shift relation in anatase Ti02 thin film. Thin Solid Films 517,4372-8. 

Ashraf, S., Binions, R., Blackman, C. S. and Parkin, I. P. (2007a) The APCVD of tungsten oxide thin films from reaction of WC16 with ethanol and results on their gas-sensing properties. Polyhedron 26,1493-8. 

Anand S C, Kennedy J F, Miraftab M and Rajendran S (2006), Medical Textile and Biomaterials for Healthcare, Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing Limited. 

Atala A, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA. 

David J. Mooney, Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. 

Gupta B S, College of Textiles, North Carohna State University Raleigh, NC, USA. 

Hutmacher D W, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore. 

Food Standards Agency Food Additives Unit Room 516C Aviation House 125 Kingsway London WC2B 6NH 

Leatherhead Food Research Association Randalls Road Leatherhead Surrey KT22 7RY 

Council Directive 89/107/EEC of 21 December 1988 on the approximation of the laws of the member states concerning food additives authorised for use in foodstuffs intended for human consumption (Official Journal of the European Communities (L40) of 11 February 1989, pp. 27-33), as amended by Directive 94/34/EC of 30 June 1994 (OJ (L237) of 10 September 1994, pp. 1-2). 

Decision No. 292/97/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 1996 on the maintenance of national laws prohibiting the use of certain additives in the production of certain specific foodstuffs 

Ziabicki A and Jarecki L (1985), High-Speed Fiber Spinning, New York, Interscience. 

Tucker, C L (1989), Fundamentals of Computer Modeling for Polymer Processing, Munich, Carl Hanser Verlag. 

McIntyre, J E (2005), Synthetic Fibres Nylon, Polyester, Acrylic, Polyolefin, Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing Limited. 

Bromine Science and environmental forum http //www.bsef.com/. 

OEKO-TEX https //www.oeko-tex.com/en/manufacturers/certified products/ active chemical products/flame retardant products/flame retardant products.html. 

Plasticisers and flexible PVC information center http //www.plasticizers.org/ en GB/plasticizers. 

Abo-Shosha, M.H., Nasar, F.A., El-Sayed, Z., Hassabo, A.G., 2009. Preparation and characterization of fatty acid/polyethylene glycol condensates and utilization as textile softeners. Res. J. Text. Appar. 13, 46-60. 

Akerblom, D., Gdranzon, E., 2013. Greener water repellencey Feasible alternatives to flu-oro chemicals for DWOR treatments on textiles. Thesis Bachelor in Textile Engineering, Swedish School of Textiles, University of Boras, 7 June 2013. 

Barnes C, Poole N and Poore N, Plant Science in Action Hodder Arnold, 1994. 

Rost N Y et al., Botany A Brief Introduction to Plant Biology, John Wiley, 1984. 

Chapter 2 Sampling and statistical analysis in textile testing (Choi, 2008) 

Chapter 4 Application of statistical methods in evalnation of fabric hand (MUitky, 2005) 

AATCC American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, http //www.aatcc.org/ AS/NZS Australia and New Zealand Standards, http //www.standards.co.nz/ www. standards. org.au/ 

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials, http //www.astm.org/ 

IWTO International Wool Textile Organisation, http //www.iwto.org/ 

Encyclopedic handbook of biomaterials and bioengineering Part A Materials - eds. Wise, D. L., Trantolo, D. J., Altobelli, D. E., Gresser, J. D. Yaszemski, M. J. (Marcel Dekker, New York, USA, 1995). 

The PBM series biodegradable polymers Volumes 1 2. ed Arshady, R. (Citus Books, London, U.K., 2003). 

The Williams dictionary of biomaterials - ed Williams, D. F. (Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, UK, 1999). 

Biological performance of materials fundamentals of biocompatibility (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1998). 

Ramakrishna, S., Mayer, J., Wintermantel, E. and Leong, K. W., Biomedical applications of polymer-composite materials A review. Composite Science and Technology 61, 1189-1224 (2001). 

Assessment and Management of Ageing of Major Nuclear Power Plant Components Important to Safety PWR Pressure Vessels (2007 Update), lAEA-TECDOC-1556, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2007. 

Timofeev, M. Brumovsky, and U. von Estorff, Certification Report oflSKhlMFA/ 15Cr2MoVA Steel and its Welds for WWER Reactor Pressure Vessels, IRC 57754, Petten, Netherlands EUR 24581 EN, Luxemburg, 2010. 

Rules for Design and Safe Operation of Components and Piping ofNPP, PNAE G-7-008-89, Energoatomizdat, Moscow (2000) (in Russian). 

Norms of strength calculations for equipment (components) and piping of nuclear power installations (plants), PNAE G-7-002-086, Moscow, Energoatomizdat, 1989 (in Russian). 

Hochman R F, Catastrophic deterioration of metals at high temperature in carbonaceous environments , in Proc. Fourth Int. Congress on Metal Corrosion, NACE 1972, 258-263 

Koszman I, Factors affecting catastrophic carburization (metal dusting) , in Jansson S A and Foroulis Z A, High Temperature Gas-Metal Reactions, New York, AIME, 1973, 155-167 

Perkins R A, Coons W C, Radd F J, Metal dusting corrosion in coal gasification environments , in Properties of High Temperature Alloys, The Electrochemical Society, 1976,133-1A9 

Hochman R F, in FoniUs ZA, Pettit F S, Catastrophic deterioration of high temperature alloys in carbonaceous atmospheres , in Proc. Symp. Properties of High Temp. Alloys, The Electrochemical Society, 1977, 715-732 

Nava Paz J C, Grabke H J, Metal dusting . Oxidation Metals, 1993 39 437-456 

Reference book on the lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria health, technological and regulatory aspects. 

Reference monograph especially for the interested lay person download for free from http //www.ilsi.org/Europe/Pages/ConciseMonographSeries.aspx. 

Reference book describing the microbiota occnpying different parts of the human body. 

Up-to-date information on probiotics and human microbiota from an international nonprofit organisation of scientists. 

Aggarwal, J., Swami, G., Kumar, M. (2013). Probiotics and their effects on metabolic diseases an update. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 7(1), 173-177. 

Anon (2001), GMOs in Food Production Evidence of Risks. Briefing paper, Soil Association, Bristol. 

CVUA Chemisches Landes- and Staatsliche Veterinaruntersuchungsamt (2004), Bericht Oko-Monitoring, http //www.untersuchungsaemter-bw.de/pdf/oekomonitoring2004.pdf 

Darnhofer I and Vogl CR (2002), Certification and accreditation of organics in Austria implementation, strengths and weaknesses , in Ecolabels and the Greening of the Food Market, Tufts University Boston. 

GfRS Gesellschaft ftir Ressourcenschutz (2003), Systematic Gap Analysis of the Control System Under Regulation (EEC) No. 2092/91 and Proposals for the Further Development of the Control System and Inspection Procedures in Organic Agriculture, http // w w w. orgprints. org/2495/ 

Heinonen S (2001), The role of legislation , in Proceedings of the European Conference Organic Food and Farming, IFOAM Copenhagen. 

2 Post-first-ply failure, progressive failure of composite laminates 

The EU Commission Directorate General on Health and Consumer Protection 

World Health Organisation UK Pesticides Safety Directorate UK Food Standards Agency Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST) 

CASWELL, J. A. The Economics of Food Safety. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd (1991). ISBN 0-444-01614-7. 

TENNANT, D. R. Food Chemical Risk Analysis. Blackie Academic and Professional, Chapman and Hall, London (1997). ISBN 0-412-723107. 

RUBERY, E. D BARLOW, s. M. and Steadman, J. H. (1990). Criteria for setting quantitative estimates of acceptable intakes of chemicals in food in the UK. Food Additives and Contaminants 7/3, 287-302. 

Adamson, A.W., Gast, A.P., 1997. Physical Chemistry of Surfaces. Wiley, New York. 

Amendola, L., Gasbarrini, A., Fosco, M., Simoes, C.E., Terzi, S., Delure, F., Boriani, S., 2011. Fenestrated pedicle screws for cement-augmented purchase in patients with bone softening a review of 21 cases. The Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Official Journal of the Itahan Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology 12,193-199. 

Arkles, B., 1977. Tailoring surfaces with silanes. ChemTech 7, 766-778. 

Barick, A.K., Tripathy, D.K., 2011. Eheparation, characterization and properties of acid functionalized multi-waUed carbon nanotube reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites. Materials Science and Engineering B-Advanced Fnnctional Sohd-State Materials 176, 1435-1447. 

Boccaccini, A.R., Blaker, J.J., 2005. Bioactive composite materials for tissue engineering scaffolds. Expert Review of Medical Devices 2, 303-317. 

There are many sources of information available to those interested in the colour measurement of foods. As well as the references mentioned in this chapter, certain key pubhcations should be highlighted  

Hutchings, J. B., 1994, Food colour and appearance, Glasgow, UK, Blackie Academic and Professional. 

Hunter, R. S. and Harold, R. W., 1987, The measurement of appearance. New York, USA, Wiley-lnterscience. 

McDonald, R., 1997, Colour physics for industry, Bradford, UK, Society of Dyers and Colourists. 

Several international universities have departments or research groups studying colour measurement, often in relation to food applications. Examples include  

The following references have a wealth of information regarding the Clock Spring composite sleeve repair system  

GRI-02/0165 Long-Term Lap—Shear Testing of Clock Spring High Temperature Adhesive. Report The Clock Spring repair system is used as a reinforcement for pipeUnes with corrosion defects and/or mechanical damage, 2002. 

GRI-98/0151 Evaluation of Plexus MA440 Adhesive and Typical Pipeline Rehabilitation Coatings for Use with the Clock Spring System. Report The Clock Spring system allows repair of pipeline defects without the need for welding and without taking the pipeline out of service, 1998. 

GRI-98/0150 Long-Term Durahihty of the Clock Spring System. Report A monitoring program developed to confirm that the Clock Spring system provides a permanent repair for certain pipeline defects, 1998. 

GRI-98/0032 Field Validation of Composite Repair of Gas Transmission Pipelines. Report This is an assessment of long-term performance of Clock Spring fiberglass composite reinforcements on gas transmission pipelines, 1998. 

The Hydrogen, Fuel Cells Infrastructure Technologies Program 2006 Multi-year Research Demonstration and Development Plan (MYRDDP) - available at http // WWW 1. eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/mypp/ 

Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors, Committee of Soldier Power/Energy Systems, National Research Council, (2004). 

GM seeks help from Sandia Labs. The Valley Times, 93(281) (2005). 

Mosher et al. Proceedings of the 2006 US DOE Hydrogen Program Review, May 16-19, 2006, DE-FC36-02AL67610. 

Reller, Soilde Tatsachen Schaffen, ENET news, March 2004, Energy Switzerland. 

For more information on yarn terminology and definitions of textiles terms, the reader is referred to the Textiles Intelligence glossary of textiles terms (http //www.textilesintelligence.com/glo/). For more information on specific yarn formation processes discussed in the previous sections, the reader is referred to the specific publications or patents as cited. 

Kotaki, M., Ramakrishna, S. A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites . Composites Science and Technology, 2003, 63, 2223-2253. 

Frenot, A., Chronakis, I. S. Polymer nanofibers assembled by electrospinning . Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science, 2003, 8, 64-75. 

Yoshimoto, H., Shin, Y. M., Terai, H., Vacanti, J. P. A biodegradable nanofiber scaffold by electrospinning and its potential for bone tissue engineering . Biomaterials, 2003, 24, 2077-2082. 

McMillan, R. A., Apkarian, R. P, Pourdeyhimi, B., Conticello, V. P., Chaikof, E. L. Generation of synthetic elastinmimetic small diameter fibers and fiber networks . Macromolecules, 2000, 33, 2989-2997. 

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations provides a lot of information and relevant links related to food safety and quality, including mycotoxins. Available from http //www.fao.org/food/food-safety-quality/home-page/en/. 

EFSA collects and evaluates occurrence data on mycotoxins in food and feed. It provides scientific advice and risk assessments on mycotoxins for EU risk managers to help them assess the need for regulatory measures as regards to the safety of myco-toxin-contaminated food and feed. Further information can be found on the EFSA homepages http //www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/mycotoxins.htm. 

Ackermann, A. (1998). Mycoflora of South African barley and malt Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists, 56, 169-176. 

Alimentarium, C. (2003). Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals, including annexes on ochratoxin A, zearalenone, fumonisins and trichothecenes. CAC/RCP, 51-2003,13. 

Mert AUds, 1. (2010). Ochratoxin and brewing technology a review. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, 116, 23-32. 

There are several excellent books available which discuss polymer blends in general, including the thermodynamics of phase separation. The interested reader is referred to any of those texts to gain additional insights into polymer blends. A good reference to learn more about high temperature 

Paul and S. Newman in Polymer Blends, Academic Press, New York, New York (1979). 

Guerra,S.Choe,D.J.WiUiams,F.E.KaraszandW.J.MacKnight,MflcromoZecitZes, 21,231 (1988). 

Principles of Polymer Chemistry, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York (1953). 

paper presented at Recent Advances in Polyimides and Other High Temperature Polymers , ACS, San Diego, January (1990). 

Further information about thermoplastic polymers that make successful composites is available in Sylvie Beland s High performance thermoplastic resins and their composites, published by William Andrew Publishing in 1990. 

Detailed information about the thermal transport and consolidation in thermoplastic composites appears in Raju Dave and Alfred Loos Processing of composites published by Hanser in 2000. 

James Throne s Technology of thermoforming (1996) covers general thermoforming practice with some information related to composite thermoforming. 

Finally, Composite sheet forming (1997), edited by D. Bhattacharyya and published by Elsevier, presents a complete resource showing the outcome of research as high temperature/high performance thermoplastics first became 

(2008), Aligned discontinuous fibres come of age , USA Compositesworld. Available at http //www.compositesworld.com/articles/aligned-discontinuous-fibers-come-of-age. Accessed 31 May 2010. 

ASTLEY s B, ELLIOTT R M, ARCHER D B and souTHON s (2002) Increased cellular carotenoid levels reduce the persistance of DNA single strand breaks following oxidative chaUange. Nutrition and Cancer. In press. 

BARTH T J, ZOLER J, KUBELER A, BORN A I and OSSWALD H (1997) Redifferentiation of oral dysplasic mucosa by the application of the anti-oxidants beta-carotene, a-tocopherol and vitamin C. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 67(5) 368-76. 

BREITHAUPT D E and BAMEDIA (2001) Carotenoid esters in vegetables and fruits A screening with emphasis on P-cryptoxanthin esters. JAgric Food Chem 49(4) 2064-70. 

CASTENMILLER J M M, WEST 0 E, LINSSEN J P H, VAN HET HOF K and VORAGEN A G J (1999) The food matrix of spinach is a limiting factor in determining the bioavailability of P-carotene and to a lesser extent of lutein in humans. J Nutr. 129(2) 349-55. 

CLINTON s K (1998) Lycopene chemistry, biology and implications for human health and disease. Nutr Rev 56(2 pt 1) 35-51. 

This section is intended to provide links to additional sources of information. 

Martin Marietta Composites - http //www.martinmarietta.com NoVOC Performance Resins LLC - http //www.novoc.com Poliya Polyester Industry and Trade Co. Ltd - http //www.poliya.net Pultrall, Inc. - www.pultrall.com Reichhold, Inc. - http //www.reichhold.com Strongwell - http //www.strongwell.com Vector Construction Group - http //www.vectorgroup.com 

Links to websites dealing with the use of composites in civil engineering applications  

Black S (2000), A survey of composite bridges . Compos Technol, 6(2), 14—18. 

Black S (2003), How are composite bridges performing . Compos Technol, 9(6), 16. 

The CIE is an international body which coordinates worldwide cooperation and exchange of information on matters relating to illumination, colour, vision and image technology. It is recogtused as an international standardisation body, and has defined and standardised several colour spaces. For more information on the CIE and the CIELAB colour space (an internet search on the term CIELAB will produce thousands of additional links) http /Avww.cie.co.at/ [accessed July 2011] ISO 11664-4 2008(E), CIE Colorimetry — Part 4 1976 L a b Colour Space, CIE, Vienna. 

The links below provide very interesting reading on electrochrorruc research and technology [all sites accessed July 2011]. 

Some examples of the latest portable hyperspectral cameras can be found at the following websites [all sites accessed June 2011]  

Some products incorporating wearable solar cells are hsted below [all sites accessed Jitly 2011]  

Books on composite electrolytes and polymer composites can be consulted for complementary information. Indeed, the properties of composite materials are associated with both components, the matrix and the charge, and also with interfacial properties. Some interesting data and information on experimental investigations in the composite polymer field can be found in the following books  

ARMAND, M., CHABAGNO J.M., DUCLOT, M. 1979, in Fast Transport in Solids (Edited by P.Vashishta), vol. 131, North-Holland, New York. 

NiSHiMOTO, A., WATANABE, M., IKEDA, Y, KOHJiYA, s. 1998, Electrochim. Acta, 1177. 

ARANDA, R, MOSQUEDA, Y, PEREZ-CAPPE, E., RUIZ-HnZKY, E. 2003,7. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys., 41, 3249. 

LEROUX, F, ARANDA, P., BESSE, J-F, RUIZ-HITZKY, E. 2003, i r. 7 Inorg. Chem.,1242. 

Textile modelling is a multidisciplinary area of research based on a combination of fundamental and applied science. Information on modelling textile structures can be found in textile-orientated journals as follows  

Textile Research Journal The Journal of the Textile Institute Research Journal of Textile and Apparel Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe Journal of Technical Textiles 

Association of Universities for Textiles (AUTEX) Research Journal 

A number of journals are dedicated to specific areas of research with more attention to fundamental theories where textiles are one of the topics of interest  

Journal of Composite Materials Computational Materials Science Journal of Materials Science Journal of Polymer Science Physical Review E Journal of Applied Physics 

As the nonwovens industry is continuing to grow, there is a lot of new information available with new materials and products coming into the market continuously. It is advised that the readers refer to some of the valuable resources for latest updates. Some of the important organizations and other resources are listed below with their url information. 

Association of the Nonwovens Fabrics Industry, Cary, NC, USA - INDA (www.inda.org) 

European Disposables and Nonwovens Association - EDANA (www.edana.org) 

Technical Association of the Pulp, Paper and Converting Industry - TAPPI (www.tappi.org) 

China Nonwovens Technical Association - CNTA (www.cnta.org) Technical Textiles and Nonwovens Association - TTNA (www.ttna.com.au) 

FDA webpage on indirect food additives at http //vm.cfsan.fda.gov/ lrd/ foodadd.html 

Community Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials. Website at http //crl-fcm.jrc.it 

Food Chemical Safety. Volume 1 Contaminants. D. H. Watson (editor), Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Cambridge, UK and CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, 2001. ISBN 1-85573-462-1. 

Food Packaging Ensuring the safety, quality and traceability of foods. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium organised by ILSI Europe. J. Gilbert and A. Theobald (editors). Food Additives Contaminants, 2005, volume 22, issue 10. 

Schwartz, B.B., Silver, M. (Eds.), 1991. Disordered Materials. Institute for Amorphous Studies Series. ISBN 978-1-4684-8747-3. 

Miraftab, M., 2012. Feasibility study of polyurethane shape-memory polymer actuators for pressure bandage application. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 13, 015006 (7 pp.). 

March 2001. Eco-friendly finishes for textiles. Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research 26, 162—186. 

Bar-Cohen, Y. (Ed.), April 1999. Automation, Miniature Robotics and Sensors for Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation, pp. 1—26 (Chapter 5). 

Shape-memory materials a review of technology and applications. Assembly Automation 29 (3), 214—219 (Emerald Group Publishing Limited). 

Dorozhkin SV. Calcium orthophosphate cements for hiomedical application. J Mater Sci. 2008 43 3028-57. 

ElUott JC. Structure and chemistry of the apatites and other calcium orthophosphates. In Studies in Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 18, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994. 

Bauer TW, Muschler GF. Bone graft materials. An overview of the basic science. Clin Orthop. 2000 Feb(371) 10-27. 

Albee H, Morrison SJ. Studies in bone growth triple calcium phosphate as a stimulus to osteogenesis. Annals of Surgery. 1920 71(1) 32-9. 

Cameron HU, Macnab 1, Pilliar RM. Evaluation of a biodegradable ceramic. J Biomed Mater Res. 1977 11 179-86. 

Jean Dhont jean.dhont UGent.be Ghent University (Belgium) 

Jose Luis Munoz Instituto Andaluz de Investigacion 

Shigenobu Okumura (Deceased) Yashima Station (Japan) 

Latin American Groups working on cephalopods culture (see Table 12.4). 

Working Group on paralarvae rearing of Octopus vulgaris,V go (Spain), 7-11 November 2005 (see Table 12.3). 

Atex Silicone-coated fibreglass membranes P-D-Interglas Technologies Ltd (http // www.atex-membranes.com) 

DuPont Fibreglass E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company (http //www2.dupont. 

Dyneon Fluoropolymer products (http //solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en US/ 

Ferrari PVC-coated polyester membranes Ferrari textiles (http //www.ferrari- 

Gore Fluoropolymer fabrics W. L. Gore Associates, Inc., Gore-tex (http //www. gore.com) 

Ajithkumar, P., April 2001. Some Thoughts on Market Promotion, COIR BHOOVASTRA. CoirNews. 

Ashori, A., Bahreini, Z., 2009. Evaluation of Calotropis gigantea as a promising raw material for fiber-reinforced composite. Journal of Composite Materials 43 (11), 1297—1304. 

Case studies of jute geotextiles in roads. In Handbook of Geotextiles. Bombay Textile Research Association, Mumbai. 

Blackburn, R.S., 2005. Biodegradable and sustainable fibres. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge. 

Chatteijee, P.K., Dutta, U., Ghosh, S.N., PaUt, S., 1994. Jute geotextile and their applications. In International S3miposium on Biocomposites and Blends Based on Jute and Allied Fibres, Delhi, pp. 43—48. 

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