Reference literature

Literature references for vapor-liquid equilibria, enthalpies of mixing and volume change for binary systems. 

Appendix C-6 gives parameters for all the condensable binary systems we have here investigated literature references are also given for experimental data. Parameters given are for each set of data analyzed they often reflect in temperature (or pressure) range, number of data points, and experimental accuracy. Best calculated results are usually obtained when the parameters are obtained from experimental data at conditions of temperature, pressure, and composition close to those where the calculations are performed. However, sometimes, if the experimental data at these conditions are of low quality, better calculated results may be obtained with parameters obtained from good experimental data measured at other conditions. 

Thousands Literature references. Tabic of Contents of many Proceedings and the monthly TOCs from many Journals. 

It is regretted that the size of the volume has rendered the insertion of literature references impossible the Selected Bibliography (A,5) may partly compensate for this omission. Section numbers are now included in the headings of the pages—a feature introduced in response to requests by many readers. The volume comprises virtually at least three books under one cover, viz., experimental technique, preparations, and qualitative organic analysis. It should therefore continue to be of value as a one volume reference work in the laboratory. Students at all levels will find their requirements for laboratory work (excluding quantitative organic analysis) adequately provided for and, furthermore, the writer hopes that the book will be used as a source of information to supplement their theoretical studies. 

In the Diels-Alder reaction (in older literature referred to as the diene synthesis ) a six-membered ring is fonned through fusion of a four-tt component, usually a diene and a two-7C component, which is commonly referred to as the dienophile (Scheme 1.1). 

Over the years, as mentioned, I followed the practice that, whenever in a specific area of my research I felt that I had substantially achieved my goals and that it was time to consider shifting my emphasis elsewhere, I wrote (or edited) a book or comprehensive review of the field. My books are listed in the Appendix for interested readers who want to obtain more information or details, as well as relevant literature references. 

The reader is referred to this publication for an extended discussion of the material presented and literature references on the subject. 

Molar absorptivity when measured at X x is cited as e ax It is normally expressed without units Both X x and Cmax are affected by the solvent which is therefore included when reporting UV VIS spectroscopic data Thus you might find a literature reference expressed m the form... 

HyperChem currently supports one first-principle method ab initio theory), one independent-electron method (extended Hiickel theory), and eight semi-empirical SCFmethods (CNDO, INDO, MINDO/3, MNDO, AMI, PM3, ZINDO/1, and ZINDO/S). This section gives sufficient details on each method to serve as an introduction to approximate molecular orbital calculations. For further details, the original papers on each method should be consulted, as well as other research literature. References appear in the following sections. 

This reference system is considered to be more useful than the conventional superscript number method since it enables the reader to see immediately in which year and in which journal (at least for the more common journals whose letter codes soon become familiar) the work cited was published. The reader is thus able to go directly to the original literature reference without having to consult a bibliography. It also provides the author and editor with the considerable advantage of being able to add or delete references up to the final submission of the manuscript without altering the numbering system. 

Several new features are inaugurated in the present volume. To the cumulative subject index to the six volumes which have already appeared, a similar author index is now added. In order to bring literature references to methods of preparative value up to date, there has been included an appendix which contains later references to directions published previously in this series. The appendix also contains corrections to some of the earlier preparations. The editors acknowledge their appreciation of the assistance rendered by those who submitted corrections and suggestions, and welcome heartily any comments calculated to improve the series. 

This chapter lists some representative examples of biochemicals and their origins, a brief indication of key techniques used in their purification, and literature references where further details may be found. Simpler low molecular weight compounds, particularly those that may have been prepared by chemical syntheses, e.g. acetic acid, glycine, will be found in Chapter 4. Only a small number of enzymes and proteins are included because of space limitations. The purification of some of the ones that have been included has been described only briefly. The reader is referred to comprehensive texts such as the Methods Enzymol (Academic Press) series which currently runs to more than 344 volumes and The Enzymes (3rd Edn, Academic Press) which runs to 22 volumes for methods of preparation and purification of proteins and enzymes. Leading referenees on proteins will be found in Advances in Protein Chemistry (59 volumes. Academic Press) and on enzymes will be found in Advances in Enzymology (72 volumes, then became Advances in Enzymology and Related Area of Molecular Biology, J Wiley Sons). The Annual Review of Biochemistry (Annual Review Inc. Patio Alto California) also is an excellent source of key references to the up-to-date information on known and new natural compounds, from small molecules, e.g. enzyme cofactors to proteins and nucleic acids. 

For conditions in industrial production reactors and in corresponding recycle reactors, the mass transfer coefficients of Gamson et al (1943) will be used. These are approximately correct and simple to use. There may be better correlations for specific cases and especially for larger molecules, where diffiisivity is low and Schmidt number is high. In such cases literature referring to given conditions should be consulted. 

The World Wide Web has transformed the way in which we obtain and analyze published information on proteins. What only a few years ago would take days or weeks and require the use of expensive computer workstations can now be achieved in a few minutes or hours using personal computers, both PCs and Macintosh, connected to the internet. The Web contains hundreds of sites of Interest to molecular biologists, many of which are listed in Pedro s BioMolecular Research Tools (http // www.fmi.ch/biology/research tools.html). Many sites provide free access to databases that make it very easy to obtain information on structurally related proteins, the amino acid sequences of homologous proteins, relevant literature references, medical information and metabolic pathways. This development has opened up new opportunities for even non-specialists to view and manipulate a structure of interest or to carry out amino-acid sequence comparisons, and one can now rapidly obtain an overview of a particular area of molecular biology. We shall here describe some Web sites that are of interest from a structural point of view. Updated links to these sites can be found in the Introduction to Protein Structure Web site (http // WWW.ProteinStructure.com/). 

Since derivations and literature references are typically not given in detail (often not at all) it is difficult for users to recognize errors or assess the validity of some statements when applied to a particular situation. It would be helpful for the user to appreciate limitations of applicability and to consider risk tolerance when adopting a specific practice based on minimum safe practices given in codes. 

The numerous literature references are directed to two distinct ends many refer to the earliest key papers and books, while others are to sources, often books, that paint a picture of the present state of a topic. In the early parts of the book, most references are to the distant past, but later on, as I treat the more modern parts of my subject, I refer to more recent sources. 

For many of the trace nutrients, it will be difficult to find literature references to the concentrations required. It is only recently that it has been realized that these trace nutrients are required, because they were only present as contaminants in biological preparations. Indeed, many other substances may be required nutrients but at such low levels that their requirement is not easily manifest. 

NOTE We dedicated Chapter 4 to JHAs. Although government literature refers to JTHAs, we believe that, in principle, they are equivalent. We will be using JHA instead of JTHA or other terms. 

The original literature reference contains coefficients and expansion coefficients for 2s and 2p orbitals. For computational efficiency, the 2s and 2p orbitals are taken to have the same exponents. 

Although the literature refers to the formation of chromones/coumarins as the Kostanecki reaction (and often the Kostanecki-Robinson reaction) and the synthesis of flavones as the Allan-Robinson reaction, others have chosen to merge the two reactions and refer to both transformations as the Kostanecki-Robinson reaction. This section will follow the latter school of thought, and use the Kostanecki-Robinson (K-R) nomenclature. 

An understanding of covalent hydration is essential for all who work with heteroaromatic compounds containing doubly bonded nitrogen atoms. As chemists become more aware of the circumstances in which hydration occurs, and the means for detecting it, many new examples will probably be discovered and many puzzling discrepancies solved. Many of the values for ionization constants and ultraviolet spectra which are in the literature refer to partly hydrated equilibrium mixtures and should be replaced by values for the pure substances. 

Of more immediate use for the organic chemist is the remarkable compilation by L. F. Fieser and M. Fieser, Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Wiley/Interscience. As of this writing. Volume 1 (1967) and Volume 2 (1969) have appeared, and future volumes are anticipated. In their usual thoroughgoing style, the Fiesers have listed hundreds of organic reagents, brief discussions of their sources and applications, and many literature references. 

Mach.) manifold, -linse, /. converging lens, -literatur, /. reference literature. 

Prior art methods for making the starting material, HSCH2CONHC6H5 ate disclosed in an article by Beckurts et al. in Journ, Praktische Chemie (2) 66 p. 174, and in the literature referred to in the mentioned article. 

Data queries for chromatographic data, literature references, analytical conditions... 

Preliminary designs These can usually be made from the generalized literature references however, they are not a substitute for direct design of the specific... 

The accuracy of establishing HETP -values for new conditions in the same packing referenced to known values as suggested by Planovski [57] has not been tested by other literature references. 

The theoretical aspects of molybdenum s corrosion behaviour are complex and there is as yet no clear cut, generally applicable picture. There are, however, a large number of literature references which include data on polarisation, passivation and potential of molybdenum under widely assorted conditions. The electrode potential of molybdenum depends on its surface condition. For example, some tests showed an of -t-0-66V when the molybdenum was passivated by treatment with concentrated chromic acid and —0-74 V after activation by cathodic treatment in sodium hydroxide. 

The numbers refer to literature references listed below. 

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