Synthesis organic

NaOCHjCHa. White solid (Na in EtOH). Decomposed by water, gives ethers with alkyl halides reacts with esters. Used in organic syntheses particularly as a base to remove protons adjacent to carbonyl or sulphonyl groups to give resonance-stabilized anions. 

Cobalt has an odd number of electrons, and does not form a simple carbonyl in oxidation state 0. However, carbonyls of formulae Co2(CO)g, Co4(CO)i2 and CoJCO),6 are known reduction of these by an alkali metal dissolved in liquid ammonia (p. 126) gives the ion [Co(CO)4] ". Both Co2(CO)g and [Co(CO)4]" are important as catalysts for organic syntheses. In the so-called oxo reaction, where an alkene reacts with carbon monoxide and hydrogen, under pressure, to give an aldehyde, dicobalt octacarbonyl is used as catalyst ... 

Organic Syntheses, Volumes 1-35,1921-1955 (J. WUey Chapman and Hall). Organic Syntheses, CoUective Volume I, Second Edition, 1941. 

In compiling this book, the author has drawn freely from all sources of information available to him—research notes, original memoirs in scientific journals, reference works on organic chemistry, the numerous text books on practical organic chemistry, and pamphlets of manufac turers of specialised apparatus. Whilst individual acknowledgement cannot obviously be made—in many cases the original source has been lost track of—it is a duty and a pleasure to place on record the debt the writer owes to all these sources. Mention must, however, be made of Organic Syntheses, to which the reader is referred for further details of many of the preparations described in the text. 

Selected Organic Syntheses , Ian Fleming, Wiley 1973. Synthesis from the other side notable examples of organic syntheses carefully explained in detail... 

A semi-systematic survey of inexpensive, commercial starting materials for organic syntheses is given. More than one thousand di- and oligofunctional reagents are listed. 

Carruthers, W. 1978, Some Modern Methods of Organic Syntheses, 2nd edn., Cambridge Univ. Press Cambridge... 

Fischer, H. Stem, A. 1940, Die Chemie des Pyrrols, Vol. 11, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Leipzig Fleming, I. 1973, Selected Organic Syntheses, Wiley New York London... 

Rylander, P. N, 1979, Catalytic Hydrogenation in Organic Syntheses, Academic Press New York London... 

The Leimgruber-Batcho synthesis is a two-step method which provides indoles that arc substituted only in the benzene ring. The method was initially disclosed in a patent[l] and a representative procedure is available in Organic Syntheses[2]. A review of the reaction is available[3]. The reaction involves... 

The classical conditions for the Madelung indole synthesis are illustrated by the Organic Syntheses preparation of 2-methylindole which involves heating o-methylacetanilide with sodium amide at 250 C[1]. 

An Organic Syntheses preparation of 4-nitroindole may involve a related reaction. The condensation occurs in the presence of diethyl oxalate which may function by condensation at the methyl group. If this is the case, it must subsequently be lost by deacylation[17]. 

H. C. Brown, Organic Syntheses ria Boranes, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1975. 

Uses. The largest use of lithium metal is in the production of organometaUic alkyl and aryl lithium compounds by reactions of lithium dispersions with the corresponding organohaHdes. Lithium metal is also used in organic syntheses for preparations of alkoxides and organosilanes, as weU as for reductions. Other uses for the metal include fabricated lithium battery components and manufacture of lithium alloys. It is also used for production of lithium hydride and lithium nitride. 

Many organic syntheses requHe the use of stericaHy hindered and less nucleophilic bases than //-butyUithium. Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) and lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LHS) are often used (140—142). Both compounds are soluble in a wide variety of aprotic solvents. Presence of a Lewis base, most commonly tetrahydrofuran, is requHed for LDA solubdity in hydrocarbons. A 30% solution of LHS can be prepared in hexane. Although these compounds may be prepared by reaction of the amine with //-butyUithium in the approprite medium just prior to use, they are also available commercially in hydrocarbon or mixed hydrocarbon—THF solvents as 1.0—2.0 M solutions. 

Other, even milder bases than LDA and LHS, such as lithium methoxide and lithium /-butoxide, may be used in organic syntheses (143,144). Lithium methoxide is available commercially as a 10% solution in methanol and lithium /-butoxide as an 18% solution in tetrahydrofuran (145). Lithium /-butoxide is also soluble in hydrocarbon solvents (146). Both lithium alkoxides are also available as soHds (147) (see Alkoxides, metal). 

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