Operating data

Among the 30 commercial FCCUs with FFB regenerators (including semi-commercial units) now operating in China, regenerator diameter (i.d. 

Typical operating data of the four types of commercial FFB regenerator units are presented in Tables IV, V, VI and VII. These tables show the following distinct features. 

Operating Data of Commercial FCCUs with Basic FFB Regenerators 

Operating Data of a Commercial FCCU with 1st Stage FFB Regenerator 

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Table 11. Operating Data for a Ferromanganese Electric Furnace ...

Analysis and Evaluation of Operational Data—1993 Annual Report Reactors, NUREG-1272, Vol. 8, No. 1, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C., Nov. 1994. 

The analyses of the solutions in the electrolytic circuit and ceU operating data are given in Tables 5 and 6, respectively. The current efficiency of 45% shown in Table 6 includes low efficiencies that always prevail during the startup of a reconditioned cell. The 2.1—2.4 pH range used in the plant also results in somewhat lower current efficiency but provides a safe operating latitude. 

Cobalt Sulfamate 20, operating data sheet. Allied-Kehte Div., Witco, Melrose Park, HI., 1980. 

Indium Corp. of America, operating data sheets, 1992. 

Generahzed prediction methods for fci and Hi do not apply when chemical reaction occurs in the liqmd phase, and therefore one must use ac tual operating data for the particular system in question. A discussion of the various factors to consider in designing gas absorbers and strippers when chemical reac tious are involved is presented by Astarita, Savage, and Bisio, Gas Treating with Chemical Solvents, Wuey (1983) and by Kohl and Ricseufeld, Gas Purification, 4th ed., Gulf (1985). 

Convective Heat Transfer Eqnipment nsiug the trne convective mechanism when the heated particles are mixed with (and remain with) the cold particles is nsed so iufreqneutly that performance and sizing eqnatious are not available. Snch a device is the pebble heater as described by Norton (Chem. Metall. E/ig., Jiily 1946). For operation data, see Sec. 9. 

By far the best application of computers to evaporators is for working up operators data into the basic performance parameters such as heat-transfer coefficients, steam economy, and dilution. 

The thermal efficiency of a vacuum-shelf dryer is usually on the order of 60 to 60 percent. Table 12-13 gives operating data for one... 

Typical operating data for cocurrent rotary dryers are given in Table 12-18. (Note that the driving force AT must be based on wet-bulb depression and not on material temperatures. Use of material temperatures, particrrlariy when the dry solids are superheated after drying, will yield conservative results.)... 

Unless operating data on similar material are available from other sources, continuous centrifuges should be selected and sized only after tests on a centrifuge of identical configuration. 

TABLE 19-9 Generalized Operating Data for Superduty Diagonal-Deck Concentrating Table... 

TABLE 19-10 Operating Data for Agglomerate Tabling of Phosphate and Potash Ore... 

TABLE 20-5 Operating Data for Grinding and Drying of Bauxite in a Ring-Roller Mill... 

TABLE 20-30 Operating Data for Grinding Oyster Shells and Burned Lime in Hammer Mills... 

Some modes of heat transfer to stirred tank reacdors are shown in Fig. 23-1 and to packed bed reactors in Fig. 23-2. Temperature and composition profiles of some processes are shown in Fig. 23-3. Operating data, catalysts, and reaction times are stated for a number of industrial reaction processes in Table 23-1. 

Many operating data for carbonate plants are cited by Kohl and Riesenfeld (Gn.s Purification, Gulf, 1985) but not including tower heights. Pilot plant tests, however, are reported on 0.10- and 0.15-m (4- and 6-in) columns packed to depths of 9.14 m (30 ft) of Raschig rings hy Benson et al. (Chem. Eng. Prog., 50, 356 [1954]). 

Not many operating data of large-scale hquid/hquid reactions are published. One study was made of the hydrolysis of fats with water at 230 to 260°C (446 to 500°F) and 41 to 48 atm (600 to 705 psi) in a continuous commercial spray tower. A small amount of water dissolved in the fat and reacted to form an acid and glycerine. Then most of the glycerine migrated to the water phase. Tlie tower was operated at about 18 percent of flooding, at which condition the HETS was found to be about 9 m (30 ft) compared with an expec ted 6 m (20 ft) for purely physical extrac tion (Jeffreys, Jenson, and Miles, Trans. In.st. Chem. Eng., 39, 389-396 [1961]). A similar mathematical treatment of a batch hydrolysis is made by Jenson and Jeffreys (In.st. Chem. Engrs. Symp. Ser, No. 23 [1967]). 

Estimation of operating data (usually consisting of a mass and energy in which the energy balance decides whether the absorption balance can be considered isothermal or adiabatic)... 

Determination of pressure drop through the column (for packed columns, correlations dependent of packing type, column-operating data, and physical properties of the constituents involved are available to estimate the pressure drop through the packing for plate columns, the pressure drop per plate is obtained and multiplied by the number of plates)... 

The above actual operating data are fed into a torque... 

The foregoing demonstrates that modern digital devices offer highly reliable, state-of-die-art microprocessor technology that controls turbomachinery strings, monitors operating data, stores data for subsequent evaluation, communicates to odier systems, and can expand with future technologies. 

The gas system did not inelude any storage other than pipeline paek and one relatively small high-pressure pipe-type holder. Therefore, pressures and flows in all areas of the system varied widely on a daily and seasonal basis. Several years of operating data were reviewed and analyzed to seleet a loeation that met the flow and pressure drop requirements for installation of an expander. Site seleetion also gave eonsideration to the requirements for eonneetion to the gas system, eonneetion to the eleetrie system, and sound attenuation measures neeessary to eliminate any impaet on the surrounding area. 

To achieve effective monitoring and diagnostics of turbomachinery, it is necessary to gather and analyze both the mechanical and aerothermal operating data from the machines. The instrumentation and diagnostics must also be custom tailored to suit the individual machines in the system, and also to meet the requirements of the end users. The reasons for this are that there can be significant differences in machines of the same type or manufacturer because of differences in installation and operation. 

Many plants use off-line optimization. Off-line optimization is an open loop eontrol system. Instead of the elosed loop system, whieh eontrols the plant settings, data is provided to the operator so that he ean make the deeisions based on the findings of the operational data. Off-line systems are also used by engineers to design plants and by maintenanee personnel to plan plant maintenanee. Comparisons of the on-line systems to off-line systems ean be seen in Table 19-1. 

Actual stages depend upon the tray efficiency, which will probably be the weakest number in the design. Using operating data from a similar system is certainly best where possible. Tables 1 and 2 give some shortcut correlations. 

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