Rutherford

In the United States For a complete list of books available from Penguin in the U.S., please write to Dept BA, Penguin, 299 Murray Hill Parkway, East Rutherford, New Jersey 07073... 

BE2-0S2S Training industry in neutron strain scanning Or. M.W. Johneon Rutherford Appleton Laboratory... 

Taglauer E 1997 Low-energy Ion scattering and Rutherford backscattering Surface Analysis The Principal Techniques ed J C VIckerman (Chichester Wiley) pp 215-66... 

B1.24 Rutherford backscattering, resonance scattering, PIXE and forward (recoil) scattering... 

Rutherford backscattering spectrometry is the measurement of the energies of ions scattered back from the surface and the outer microns (1 micron = 1 pm) of a sample. Typically, helium ions with energies around 2 MeV are used and the sample is a metal coated silicon wafer that has been ion implanted with about a... 

By inserting a semiconductor x-ray detector into the analysis chamber, one can measure particle induced x-rays. The cross section for particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE) is much greater than that for Rutherford backscattering and PIXE is a fast and convenient method for measuring the identity of atomic species within... 

This overview covers the major teclnhques used in materials analysis with MeV ion beams Rutherford backscattering, chaimelling, resonance scattering, forward recoil scattering, PIXE and microbeams. We have not covered nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), because it applies to special incident-ion-target-atom combinations and is a topic of its own [1, 2]. 

The discussion of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry starts with an overview of the experimental target chamber, proceeds to the particle kinematics that detennine mass identification and depth resolution, and then provides an example of the analysis of a silicide. 

The essentially non-destmetive nature of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, combmed with the its ability to provide botli compositional and depth mfomiation, makes it an ideal analysis tool to study thm-film, solid-state reactions. In particular, the non-destmetive nature allows one to perfomi in situ RBS, thereby characterizing both the composition and thickness of fomied layers, without damaging the sample. Since only about two minutes of irradiation is needed to acquire a Rutherford backscattering spectmm, this may be done continuously to provide a real-time analysis of the reaction [6]. 

Chaimelling phenomena were studied before Rutherford backscattering was developed as a routine analytical tool. Chaimelling phenomena are also important in ion implantation, where the incident ions can be steered along the lattice planes and rows. Channelling leads to a deep penetration of the incident ions to deptlis below that found in the nonnal, near Gaussian, depth distributions characterized by non-chaimelled energetic ions. Even today, implanted chaimelled... 

Doolittle L R 1986 A semiautomatic algorithm for Rutherford backscattering analysis Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 15 227... 

Cox R P, Leavitt J A and Mointyre L C Jr 1995 Non-Rutherford eiastio baoksoattering oross seotions Handbook of Modem Ion Beam Materials Analysis ed J R Tesmer and M Nastasi (Pittsburgh, PA Materiais Researoh Sooiety) oh A7, p 481... 

Chu W K, Mayer J W and Nicolet M-A 1978 Backscattehng Spectrometry (New York Academic) Comprehensive and detaiied coverage of Rutherford backscattehng and channeiiing. 

This is the Rutherford scattering cross section. It is interesting to note that Bom and classical theory also reproduce this cross section. Moreover,... 

For example, from Imperial Smelting Corporation. 37. Dover Street, London. W.l, or from The ilatheaon Company, East Rutherford, N.J., U.S.A. 

Gr. helios, the sun). Janssen obtained the first evidence of helium during the solar eclipse of 1868 when he detected a new line in the solar spectrum. Lockyer and Frankland suggested the name helium for the new element. In 1895 Ramsay discovered helium in the uranium mineral clevite while it was independently discovered in cleveite by the Swedish chemists Cleve and Langlet at about the same time. Rutherford and Royds in 1907 demonstrated that alpha particles are helium nuclei. 

The claims for discovery and the naming of Element 104 are still in question. The Berkeley group proposes for the new element the name rutherfordium (symbol Rf), in honor of Ernest R. Rutherford, a New Zealand physicist. Meanwhile, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics has proposed using the neutral temporary name, unnilquadium. 

For nearly half a century, Mendeleev s periodic table remained an empirical compilation of the relationship of the elements. Only after the first atomic model was developed by the physicists of the early twentieth century, which took form in Bohr s model, was it possible to reconcile the involved general concepts with the specificity of the chemical elements. Bohr indeed expanded Rutherford s model of the atom, which tried to connect the chemical specificity of the elements grouped in Mendeleev s table with the behavior of electrons spinning around the nucleus. Bohr hit upon the idea that Mendeleev s periodicity could... 

Radon-220 [22481 8-7], Rn, a decay product of thorium, was discovered by Owens and Rutherford in 1900. The more common radon-222, a decay product of radium, was discovered later in the same year and was isolated in 1902. 

W. Brake and A. L. Mossman, eds.. The Matheson Unabridged Gas Data Book, Matheson Gas Products, East Rutherford, N.J., 1974. 

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