Rutherford detector

By inserting a semiconductor x-ray detector into the analysis chamber, one can measure particle induced x-rays. The cross section for particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE) is much greater than that for Rutherford backscattering and PIXE is a fast and convenient method for measuring the identity of atomic species within... 

Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) provides quantitative, nondestructive elemental depth profiles with depth resolutions sufficient to satisfy many requirements however, it is generally restricted to the analysis of elements heavier than those in the substrate. The major reason for considering depth profiling using FIXE is to remove this restrictive condition and provide quantitative, nondestructive depth profiles for all elements yielding detectable characteristic X rays (i.e.,Z> 5 for Si(Li) detectors). 

Typical examples of Rutherford-scattered imaging of nanoparticles of a commercially important Pd/C catalyst recorded with (a) a BSE detector in a field emission scanning electron microscope as well as (b) a STEM HAADF image of the same 5% Pd/C sample, recorded in the same instrument, are shown... 

Scattering from Thin Amorphous Specimens. The Z contrast technique exploits tRe strong Z dependence of Rutherford scattering into the annular detector. Rutherford scattering is... 

He promised further experiments to clear up the matter, and Hans Geiger was the man who carried them out in Rutherford s lab. (That lab was by now back across the Atlantic, at the University of Manchester.) Figure 2 shows Geiger s apparatus, which was physically different but conceptually similar to the earlier one a tube containing a source of a particles at one end, a screen with a slit toward the middle, and a detector at the other end (27). 

Rutherford was awarded a scholarship to be a research student at the University of Cambridge and began research under J.J. Thomson. He soon abandoned research on his radio wave detector to work on the power of X-rays to confer electric charge on gases but soon turned to researching the problem of the rays emitted by thonum. Rutherford found three kinds of radiation, which he named alpha, beta, and gamma. In collaboration with Frederick Soddy, he was able to isolate a substance, thorium X, and identify the phenomenon of radioactive half-life and formulated an explanation of radioactivity. Rutherford was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize for chemistry for his work in radioactivity. 

Figure 1. A Rutherford backscattering spectrum for a thin (40/ig/cm2) MoSt sputter-deposited film. Conditions 4He ions normally incident at 3.0 MeV, and scattered ions detected at a 135° angle by a surface-barrier diode detector. Note the scale factor for other than the Mo peak and the Si substrate. The sample layer configuration is indicated at the upper left.

Although there is no detector that allows us to see the inside of an atom, scientists infer its structure from the properties of its components. Rutherford s model shows electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets around the sun. In Bohr s model the electrons travel around the nucleus in specific energy levels. According to the current model, electron orbitals do not have sharp boundaries and the electrons are portrayed as a cloud. 

A. Hessenbruch Rutherford s 1901 experiment on radiation energy and his creation of a stable detector. Archive for History of Exact Sciences 54 (2000), p. 403. 

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