Rutherford. Lord

British nuclear physicist Sir Ernest Rutherford (Lord... 

RBS is based on collisions between atomic nuclei and derives its name from Lord Ernest Rutherford who first presented the concept of atoms having nuclei. When a sample is bombarded with a beam of high-energy particles, the vast majority of particles are implanted into the material and do not escape. This is because the diameter of an atomic nucleus is on the order of 10 A while the spacing between nuclei is on the order of 1 A. A small fraction of the incident particles do undergo a direct collision with a nucleus of one of the atoms in the upper few pm of the sample. This collision actually is due to the Coulombic force present between two nuclei in close proximity to each other, but can be modeled as an elastic collision using classical physics. 

All of these tests, by their nature, need to be repeated several times with different specimens of any polymer sample, in order to ensure that there is enough information for statistical analysis. Although the physicist Lord Rutherford said that if your results need statistics, you ought to have done a better experiment, his dictum cannot be extended to tests on mechanical... 

Rutherford continued to do research until his death, but the proton was his last big discovery. It was not, however, his last big honor. In 1931, the New Zealand country boy was raised to the peerage with the official name of Ernest, Lord Rutherford of Nelson. After his death six years later, he was awarded one last honor. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, where he keeps company with Isaac Newton and a handful of other great British scientists. 

Were all of these newly discovered substances also new elements This question would not be answered for some years but there was a flurry of other major discoveries to keep the protagonists occupied. Pierre Curie discovered that radioactivity released large quantities of heat (Curie and Laborde 1903) which appeared mysterious—as if the heat was coming from nowhere. This discovery provided an extra heat source for the Earth and reconciled the estimates of a very old Earth, based on geological estimates, with the young age calculated by Lord Kelvin from cooling rates. The year 1903 also witnessed the first demonstration that a-decay released He (Ramsay and Soddy 1903). The build up of He was soon put to use to date geological materials, initially by Rutherford in 1905 who calculated the first ever radiometric age of 500 Myr for a pitchblende sample, and then by Strutt who examined a wide variety of minerals (Strutt... 

Transmutation means converting one element to another (by changing the nucleus). The first artificial transmutation was the bombardment of N by alpha particles in 1919 by Lord Rutherford. 

In spite of the excitement the race to transmutation had spurred in the worlds of chemistry and occult alchemy, the crash came in 1914. The prestige and identity transmutation efforts had conferred upon chemistry were called into question—by physicists. Criticism had already come heavily from physicists such as J. J. Thomson, who debunked some of the experiments following the announcement of the Chemical Society meeting in February 1913, as well as from Rutherford, Royds, and Robert John Strutt (Lord Rayleigh). Even sympathetic chemists such as Madame Curie had been unable to reproduce Ramsay s results. Ramsay s own student and research partner, Egerton, could not successfully repeat the experiments when he went to work in a lab in Berlin. 

A. S. Russell, "Lord Rutherford Manchester, 19071919 A Partial Portrait," 87101, in J. B. Birks, ed., Rutherford at Manchester (London Heywood and Co., 1962), on 88. The Gaiety Repertory Theater specialized in Shaw and Galsworthy, according to J. L. Heilbron, H. G. J. Moseley The Life and Letters of an English Physicist, 18871915 (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London University of California Press, 1974) ... 

Russell, A. S. "Lord Rutherford Manchester, 19071919 A Partial Portrait." In Rutherford at Manchester. Ed. J. B. Birks. London Heywood, 1962. Pp. 87101. 

According to J. J. Thomson, Lord Rutherford s death on October 19, 1937, just on the eve of his having in the High-Tension Laboratory means of research far more powerful than those with which he had already obtained results of profound importance, is, I think, one of the greatest tragedies in the history of Science (101, 102). Lord Rutherford was the first scientist born in the overseas dominions to be buried in Westminster Abbey, beside the graves of Sir Isaac Newton, Lord Kelvin, Charles Darwin, and Sir John Herschel. 

Broglde, J. Stark, O. Hahn, E. Fermi, Wertenstein, and N. Kapitza, Further tributes to the late Lord Rutherford, Nature, 140, 1047-54 (Dec. 18, 1937). 

Lest it be thought that the techniques to be described are only for the affluent institution, the author wishes to emphasise that he has only ever worked in under-funded laboratories, was brought up before, during, and after the war in a string-and-sealing wax tradition, and ever heeded Lord Rutherford s exhortation to his team at the Cavendish Laboratory We ve got no money, boys, so we ve got to think. Very many of the author s collaborators came from or went to laboratories far better endowed than his, but were all the better for the lessons learnt in a do it yourself atmosphere. That is also the reason why there are few references to sophisticated, expensive apparatus and why this book may have a slightly old-fashioned look. 

Daniel Rutherford (1749—1819), Scotch botanist, first identified nitrogen (Ref 58, p 113). Do not confuse with Lord Ernest Rutherford (1871—1937), Brit physicist noted for his research on radioactive transformation and disintegration of nitrogen... 

Lord Rutherford and his team of brilliant experimentalists proved beyond a reasonable doubt that alpha particles were doubly charged ions of helium 14). They also demonstrated spectroscopically that alpha particles became ordinary... 

The atomic numbers of these isotopes were identified by detecting the known No daughters of these nuclei. The group suggested the name of rutherfordium (chemical symbol Rf) for element 104 in honor of Lord Ernest Rutherford. 

Lord Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) Nobel Laureate in Chemistry (1908)... 

Lord Rutherford (who was indeed a physicist, as the quote implies) would have been astonished to see this century s transformation of biology from stamp collecting into molecular biology, genomics, biochemistry and biophysics. This transformation occurred only because, time and time again, fundamental advances in theoretical physics drove the development of useful new tools for chemistry. Chemists in turn learned how to synthesize and characterize ever more complex molecules, and eventually created a quantitative framework for understanding biology and medicine. 

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