Rutherford expression

Rutherford s attitude toward chemistry was stereotyped by his jokes and barbs occasionally directed at his chemical colleagues. The later Manchester physicist P. M. S. Blackett recounted the famous crack, "All science is either physics or stamp collecting, "63 and it was said that Rutherford chafed at receiving the 1908 Nobel Prize in chemistry, rather than in Physics. In a lecture in which he described his theory of the nuclear atom, he joked that the "nucleus is a round, hard objectjust like Professor Perkins head."64 However, Rutherford expressed great respect for his chemist collaborator Frederick Soddy and for other chemists, as well. 

The absolute precision of ERS therefore depends on that of da/dfl (Ej, (t>). Unfortunately, some disagreement prevails among measurements of the recoil cross section. One recent determination is shown in Figure 4a for (t> = 30° and 25°. The convergence of these data with the Rutherford cross section near 1 MeV lends support to their validity. The solid lines are least squares fits to the polynomial form used by Tirira et al.. For (t> = 30°, the expression reads ... 

The probability for a ion to scatter in a particular direction is determined by the ion-target interaction, and can be expressed in terms of a cross section For a Coulomb potential, the diflFerential cross section is the well-known Rutherford formula ... 

Following Rutherford s experiments in 1911, Niels Bohr proposed in 1913 a dynamic model of the hydrogen atom that was based on certain assumptions. The first of these assumptions was that there were certain "allowed" orbits in which the electron could move without radiating electromagnetic energy. Further, these were orbits in which the angular momentum of the electron (which for a rotating object is expressed as mvr) is a multiple of h/2ir (which is also written as fi),... 

Bohr went to Manchester to visit a friend of his late father and arranged to meet Rutherford, who maintained a laboratory there. Bohr told Rutherford that he would like to come to Manchester to work with him, and his transfer to Rutherford s laboratory was soon arranged. At first Rutherford put Bohr to work doing experimental work, but when he expressed an interest in doing theory, he was relieved of the obligation to perform experiments. 

I. B. Balfour also thought it strange that Dr. Rutherford should have been chosen to teach botany, and stated in the Makers of British Botany that Rutherford was a chemist, and I have not discovered in any references to him expressions that he was at this period of his life interested in plants otheiwise than as objects for his experiments in relation to the chemistry of the atmosphere (32). Nevertheless, tile botanical garden developed under Rutherford s administration into one of the best in the world, and the plants of Scotland were carefully recorded by the head gardeners (32). 

A program to solve these equations has been described by Orlov et al. (1998). O Keeffe (1989) has described an alternative method that is suitable for performing the calculation by hand. Rutherford (1990) has presented a way of inverting the matrix that retains the symmetry of the equations by including all Aa of the equations of type 3.3. Brown (1977) has described a robust iterative technique for solving the equations based on recognizing that eqn (3.4) is an expression of the principle of maximum symmetry (Rule 3.1). In this procedure... 

Rutherford scattering is an elastic event, that is, no excitation of either the projectile or target nuclei occurs. However, due to conservation of energy and momentum in the interaction, the kinetic energy of the backscattered ion is less than that of the incident ion. The relation between these energies is the kinematic factor, K, which is given by the expression... 

The introduction of time as a necessary consideration for understanding matter was a radical change to the conception of the elements, which since ancient times were thought to be eternal. To describe the life of a decaying radioactive element, in 1900 Rutherford introduced the concept of the half-life. The half-life of a substance is the time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample to decay (emit nuclear radiation) and, in effect, for the sample to become a different substance. Half-life can also be used to express the time it takes for the chemical or physical activity of the sample to decrease by half. 

Rutherford s Model Imagine that you are a scientist in the early twentieth century, and you have just learned the details of a new, nuclear model of the atom proposed by the prominent English physicist Ernest Rutherford. After analyzing the model, you discern what you believe to be important limitations. Write a letter to Rutherford in which you express your concerns regarding his model. Use diagrams and examples of specific elements to help you make your point. 

The BEA for inner-shell ionization of atoms by charged-particle impact dates back to the work of Thomson in 1912 [ 15]. He used the Rutherford scattering model and obtained the expression for ionization cross section. In his model, the target electron is initially free and at rest in the laboratory frame. This assumption for zero initial velocity of the target electron was partially removed by Williams in 1927 [16]. However, his expression is valid only for limited range of the energy transfer. 

The exponential laws of radioactive-series decay and growth of radionuclides were first formulated by Rutherford and Soddy in 1902, to explain their results (Rutherford and Soddy 1902,1903) on the thorium series of radionuclides. In 1910, Bateman (Bateman 1910) derived generalized mathematical expressions that were used to describe the decay and growth of the naturally occurring actinium, uranium, and thorium series until the discovery of nuclear fission and other new radioactive decay series were found in the 1940s. For the description of half-lives and decay constants, activities and number of radionuclides involved in the decay of two radionuclides, Friedlander et al. (1981) have given a representative overview (see also O Chap. 5 in Vol. 1). 

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