Mitogen-activated

Bouaboula, M., Perrachon, S., Milligan, L., Canatt, X., Rinaldi-Carmona, M., Portier, M., Barth, F., Calandra, B., Pecceu, F., Lupker, J., Maffrand, J.-P., Le Fur, G., and Casellas, P. (1997). A selective inverse agonist for central cannabinoid receptor inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase activation stimulated by insulin or insulin-like growth factor. J. Biol. Ckem. 272 22330-22339. 

Heparin was immobilized on the WPG-P A and the sorbent was used for isolation of the fibroblast growth factor from bovine hypophysis. Mitogenic activity of the factor purified on the heparin-WPG-PA and Heparin-Sepharose, as estimated with mice fibroblasts of line N1H-3T3, was virtually the same [130]. 

Functionally, the Dl-like receptors (Dl, D5) are coupled to the G protein Gas and thus can stimulate adenylyl cyclase. The D2-like receptors (D2, D3, and D4) couple to pertussis toxin sensitive G proteins (Gai/0), and consequently inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity. While the Dl-like receptors almost exclusively signal through Gas-mediated activation of adenylyl cyclase, the D2-like receptors have been reported to modulate the activity of a plethora of signaling molecules and pathways. Many of these actions are mediated through the G(3y subunit. Some of these molecules and pathways include the calcium channels, potassium channels, sodium-hydrogen exchanger, arachidonic acid release, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. 

Furthermore, PKCe is required for nerve growth factor-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and neurite outgrowth by ethanol. It is also required for ethanol-induced increases in N-type voltage-gated calcium channels in PC 12 neural cells. 

Stimulation of the insulin receptor results in the activation of two major pathways [3] (i) the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade (discussed in chapter MAP kinase cascade) and (ii) the phospha-tidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) pathway which has been extensively studied in the context of the metabolic responses to insulin (summarized in Table 1 and Fig. 2). 

MAP is the acronym for both, Microtubule Associated Protein and Mitogen Activated Protein. 

Mitogen activated protein kinase (MARK) cascades are three kinase modules activated by phosphorylation. The three kinase modules are composed of a MAPK, a MAPKK, and a MAPKKK. There are multiple members of each component of the MAPK cascade that are conserved from yeast to human. Activation of selective MAPK modules by specific stimuli regulates cell functions such as gene expression, adhesion, migration, differ entiation, and apoptosis. 

Widmann C, Gibson S, Jarpe MB et al (1999) Mitogen-activated protein kinase conservation of a three-kinase module from yeast to human. Physiol Rev 79 143-179... 

Pearson G, Robinson F, Gibson TB et al (2001) Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways regulation and physiological functions. Endocrine Rev 22 153-183... 

Mitogen activated protein kinase. MAP Kinase Cascade... 

Activation of Mi, M3, and M5 mAChRs does not only lead to the generation of IP3 followed by the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+, but also results in the stimulation of phospholipase A2, phospholipase D, and various tyrosine kinases. Similarly, M2 and M4 receptor activation does not only mediate the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, but also induces other biochemical responses including augmentation of phospholipase A2 activity. Moreover, the stimulation of different mAChR subtypes is also linked to the activation of different classes of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases), resulting in specific effects on gene expression and cell growth or differentiation. 

The OP group of receptois share common effector mechanisms. All receptois couple via pertussis toxin-sensitive Go and Gi proteins leading to (i) inhibition of adenylate cyclase (ii) reduction of Ca2+ currents via diverse Ca2+ channels (hi) activation of inward rectifying K+ channels. In addition, the majority of these receptors cause the activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), phospholipase C 3 (PLC 3), phospholipase D2 and of MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase (Table 3). 

KC706 stabilizes the inactive conformation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38a, a protein kinase involved in inflammatory reactions and cardiovascular functions. KC706 therefore holds the potential to treat conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease and cardiovascular disease. This compound is currently being tested in phase II clinical trials with patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. 

Ras activates a number of pathways among them is the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, which transmit signals downstream to other protein kinases and gene regulatory proteins... 

Fig. 8 Immunostimulatory activity of MGX from beech wood (BwGX), Rudbeckia fulgida (RudGX), Altheae officinalis (AltGX), and Mahonia aquifolium (MahGX) [146] a Mitogenic activity, SImit and b comitogenic activity, Skomit...

The first paper on the bioactive polysaccharides from Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots was published in 1996 by Kiyohara et al. [57]. They isolated a pectic type polymer with anti-complementary and mitogenic activity that was an acidic pectin, possibly containing rhamnogalacturonan type I as part of the total structure. Degradation of the uronic acid part of the molecule decreased both types of bio activities. The neutral oligosaccharide chains were shown to retain some of the activities of the native polymer, but it was suggested that they should be attached to the acidic core to retain maximum activity. 

Landry, J., Lambert, H., Zhou, M., Lavoie, J.N., Hickey, E., Weber, L.A., Anderson, C.W. (1992). Human hsp27 is phosphorylated at serines 78 and 82 by heat shock and mitogen activated kinases that recognize the same amino acid motif as S6 kinase 11. J. Biol. 267, 794-803. 

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