Cyclin-dependent, Mitogen-activated

CMGC containing the Cyclin-dependent, Mitogen-activated, Glycogen synthase, and CDK-like kinases... 

CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase GRK, G protein receptor kinase JNK, Jun kinase MAP kinase, mitogen activated protein kinase MEK, MAP kinase and ERK kinases RSK, ribosomal S6 kinase, GSK, glycogen synthase kinase SAPK, stress-activated protein kinase SEK, SAPK kinase. 

The cell cycle is a key process that recurs in a periodic manner. Early cell cycles in amphibian embryos are driven by a mitotic oscillator. This oscillator produces the repetitive activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase cdkl, also known as cdc2 [131]. Cyclin synthesis is sufficient to drive repetitive cell division cycles in amphibian embryonic cells [132]. The period of these relatively simple cell cycles is of the order of 30 min. In somatic cells the cell cycle becomes longer, with durations of up to 24 h or more, owing to the presence of checkpoints that ensure that a cell cycle phase is properly completed before the cell progresses to the next phase. The cell cycle goes successively through the phases Gl, S (DNA replication), G2, and M (mitosis) before a new cycle starts in Gl. After mitosis cells can also enter a quiescent phase GO, from which they enter Gl under mitogenic stimulation. 

The potential substrates for histone phosphorylation include N-terminal serine and threonine hydroxyl groups of H2A, H3, and H4 the N- and C-terminal tails of HI and the unique C-terminal of H2AX [19,29] (see Fig. 6). Similar to acetylation, phosphorylation appears to be a dynamic modification that transduces on/off signals to nuclear modulators. Enzymes implicated in regulating this pathway include the cyclin-dependent kinases and mitogen activated protein kinases, and the antagonistic phosphatase 1 [158,159]. 

Cheng, M., Sexl, V., Sherr, C. J., and Roussel, M. F. (1998). Assembly of cyclin D-dependent kinase and titration of p27Kipl regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEKl), Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95, 1091-6. 

Non-receptor serine/threonine kinases and dual specificity kinases cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) Phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI-3K) Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) MAPKK (ERK)... 

Kruggel S, Lemcke T (2009) Generation and evaluation of a homology model of PfGSK-3. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 342(6) 327-332 Bracchi-Ricard V, Barik S, Delvecchio C et al (2000) PfPK6, a novel cyclin-dependent kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase-related protein kinase from Plasmodium falciparum. Biochem J 347(Pt l) 255-263... 

Wang Q, Walsh DM, Rowan MJ, Selkoe DJ, Anwyl R (2004b) Block of long-teim potentiation by naturally secreted and syntlietic amyloid beta-peptide in hippocampal slices is mediated via activation of tlie kinases c-Jun N-tenninal kuiase, cyclin-dependent kinase 5, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kuiase as well as metaboti opic glutamate receptor type 5. J Neurosci 24 3370-3378. 

Krstic, M.D., I. Rogatsky, K.R. Yamamoto and M.J. Garabedian. Mitogen-activated and cyclin-dependent protein kinases selectively and differentially modulate transcriptional enhancement by the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17 3947-3954, 1997. 

Whittaker SR, Walton MI, Garrett MD et al. (2004) The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CYC202 (R-roscovitine) inhibits retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation, causes loss of Cyclin Dl, and activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Cancer Res 64 262-272 Wijermans PW, Lubbert M, Verhoef G et al. (2005) An epigenetic approach to the treatment of advanced MDS the experience with the DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2 -deoxycytidine (decitabine) in 177 patients. Ann Hematol 84 (Suppl 1) 9-17... 

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