Mitogen activated protein kinase cascade

Dineley, K.T., Westerman, M., Bui, D., Bell, K., Ashe, K.H., Sweatt, J.D. Beta-amyloid activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade via hippocampal alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in vitro and in vivo mechanisms related to Alzheimer s disease. J. Neurosci. 21 4125, 2001. 

The mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade is second-messenger-independent 396... 

The mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade is second-messenger-independent. Although the second-messenger-dependent protein kinases were identified first as playing an important role in neuronal function, we now know that many other types of protein serine-threonine kinase are also essential (Table 23-1). Indeed, one of the most critical discoveries of the 1990s was the delineation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase or MAPK) cascades. 

Mori-Abe A, Tsutsumi S, Takahashi K, Toya M, Yoshida M, Du B, Kawagoe J, Naka-hara K, Takahashi T, Ohmichi M, Kurachi H (2003) Estrogen and raloxifene induce apoptosis by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in synthetic vascular smooth muscle cells. J Endocrinol 178 417-426... 

Tolan, D., Conway, A-M., Rakhit, S., Pyne, N.J. and Pyne, S., 1999, Assessment ofthe extracellular and intracellular actions of sphingosine 1-phosphate by using the p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade as a model. Cell. Signal. 11 349-354. 

Ge Z, Liu C, Bjorkholm M, Gruber A, Xu D (2006) Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade-mediated histone H3 phosphorylation is critical for telomerase reverse transcriptase expression/telomerase activation induced by proliferation. Mol Cell Biol 26(l) 230-237 Giet R, Glover DM (2001) Drosophila aurora B kinase is required for histone H3 phosphorylation and condensin recruitment during chromosome condensation and to organize the central spindle during cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 152(4) 669-682... 

Figure 21.9 The mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade (MAP kinase cascade). The active protein Ras activates Raf by promoting its recruitment to a cell membrane. Through a series of phosphorylations MAP kinase is activated as follows MAP kinase kinase kinase (Raf) phosphorylates MAP kinase kinase which, in turn, phosphorylates MAP kinase, the final target enzyme. MAP kinase phosphorylates transcription factors for genes that express proteins involved in proliferation. Another nomenclature for the enzymes is also used raf is MEKK MAPKK is MEK and finally ERK is MAP kinase (ERK is the abbreviation for extracellular-signal-related kinase) For comparison, the reader is referred to the metabolic phosphorylase cascade, which is discussed in Chapter 12 (Figure 12.12).

Blum S, Adams AN, Dash PK (1999) A mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in the CA1/CA2 subfield of the dorsal hippocampus is essential for long-term spatial memory. J Neurosci 19 3535-3544... 

Low K, Crestani F, Kleist R, Benke D, Brunig I, Benson J, Mohler H (2000) Molecular and neuronal substrate for the selective attenuation of anxiety. Science 290 131-140 Lu KT, Walker DL, Davis M (2001) Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in the basolat-eral nucleus of amygdala is involved in extinction of fear-potentiated startle. J Neurosci 21 RC162... 

Sebolt-Leopold JS, Herrera R (2004) Targeting the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade to treat cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 4(12) 937-947... 

Hnia K, Hugon G, Rivier F, Masmoudi A, Mercier J, Momet D (2007) Modulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and metalloproteinase activity in diaphragm muscle in response to free radical scavenger administration in dystrophin deficient Mdx mice. Am... 

Shen G, Hebbar V, Nair S, Xu C, Li W, Lin W, Keum YS, Han J, Gallo M A, Kong AN. 2004. Regulation of Nrf2 transactivation domain activity. The differential effects of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and synergistic stimulatory effect of Raf and CREB-binding protein. J Biol Chem 279 23052-23060. 

Su, B. and Karin, M. (1996) Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and regulation of gene expression. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 8, 402—411. 

The 5-HT1A receptor is a member of the 5-HT] family of serotonin receptors best known for their capacity to inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity via pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins. These receptors also couple to K+ channels, Ca2+ channels, PLC, intracellular calcium, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, and Na+/K+-ATPase (73,74). This receptor is an important target for the management of anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia (75-78). 

Bogoyevitch MA, Andersson MB, Gillespie BJ, Clerk A, Glennon PE, Fuller SJ, Sugden PH. 1996. Adrenergic receptor stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and cardiac hypertrophy. Biochem J 314 115-121. 

Frodin M, Peraldi P, Van Obberghen E. 1994. Cyclic AMP activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 269 6207-6214. 

Yamazaki T, Komuro I, Zou Y, Kudoh S, Shiojima I, Hiroi Y, Mizuno T, Aikawa R, Takano H, Yasaki Y. 1997. Norepinephrine induces the raf-1 kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade through both alpha 1- and beta-adrenoceptors. Circulation 95 1260-1268. 

Bedecs, K., Elbaz, N., Sutren, M., Masson, M., Susini, C., Strosberg, A.D., and Nahmias, C. 1997. Angiotensin II type 2 receptors mediate inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and functional activation of SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase. Biochem. J. 325 449-454. 

Huang, C. Y. Ferrell, J. E. Jr. Ultrasensitivity in the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, 93 10078-10083. 

C. Y. Huang and J. E. Fendl Jr. Ultrasensitivity in the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sd USA 93 (19), 10078-10083, 1996. Also J. E. Ferrell Jr and E. M. Machleder. The biochemical basis of an all-or-none cell fate switch in Xetmpus oocytes [see comments]. Science, 280 (5365), 895-898, 1998. 

Dudley DT, Pang L, Decker SJ, Bridges AJ, Saltiel AR. A synthetic inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1995 92 7686-7689. 

Raf activates the ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade (Raf-MEK-ERK), whereas PI3K regulates phospholipid metabolism, and RalGEEs serve as activators of Ras-like (Ral) small GTPases. These and other pro-growth effectors (e.g., phospholipase C epsilon or Tiaml) promote Ras-mediated cellular proliferation and differentiation. In contrast, other Ras effector pathways (most notably Norel and other RASSF family members) can contribute to apoptosis (34). 

Roberts PJ, Der CJ. Targeting the raf-mek-erk mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade for the treatment of cancer. Oncogene 2007 26 3291-3310. 

Kholodenko BN. Negative feedback and ultrasensitivity can bring about oscillations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. Fur. J. Biochem. 2000 267 1583-1588. 

Wang X, Hao N, Dohlman HG, Elston TC. Bistability, stochasticity, and oscillations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Biophys. J. 2006 90 1961-1978. 

Gutkind JS. The pathways connecting G protein-coupled receptors to the nucleus through divergent mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. J Biol Chem 1998 273 1839-1842. 

Heidkamp MC, Bayer AL, Martin JL, Samarel AM. 2001. Differential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and apoptosis by protein kinase C e and S in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Circ. Res. 89 882-90... 

Sanchez C, Galve-Roperh 1, Rueda D, Guzman M (1998) Involvement of sphingomyelin hydrolysis and the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in the Delta9-tetrahydro-cannabinol-induced stimulation of glucose metabolism in prim ary astrocytes. Mol Pharmacol 54 834-843... 

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