Anti-complementary

The first paper on the bioactive polysaccharides from Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots was published in 1996 by Kiyohara et al. [57]. They isolated a pectic type polymer with anti-complementary and mitogenic activity that was an acidic pectin, possibly containing rhamnogalacturonan type I as part of the total structure. Degradation of the uronic acid part of the molecule decreased both types of bio activities. The neutral oligosaccharide chains were shown to retain some of the activities of the native polymer, but it was suggested that they should be attached to the acidic core to retain maximum activity. 

Black pepper contains several polysaccharides of which one shows a strong effect as an immune enhancer based on the fact that the polymer is an anti-complementary polysaccharide. The polysaccharide has an Mw of approx. 40 kD. It is composed basically of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and galac-turonic acid, and shows a high binding capacity for the Yariv reagent. This indicates that the side chain of the polymer is of the arabinogalactan type II, which is a common structure for several polysaccharides with an effect on the complement system [70]. 

Anti-complementary activity of enzymic digestion products from the pectins of Angelica acutiloba... 

The leaves of large plantain Plantago major L.) are used for wotmd healing in the traditional medicine. The effect might be due to biologically active polysaccharides. A pectin, PMII with anti-complementary activity has been isolated from the leaves by water extraction and ion exchange chromatography (1). 

Pectic polysaccharide from roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Possible contribution of neutral oligosaccharide in the galacturonase resistant region to anti-complementary and mitogenic activities... 

In the present paper we describe a contribution of the neutral carbohydrate chains in PG-lc for expression of its anti-complementary and mitogenic activities. 

CONTRIBUTION OF ACIDIC MOIETY IN " RAMIFIED" REGION (PG-lc) ON ITS ANTI-COMPLEMENTARY AND MITOGENIC ACTIVITIES... 

Figure 2 (A) Effect of lithium-degradation on anti-complementary activity of PG-lc (B) Anti-complementary activity of oligosaccharide-alditols obtained from PG-lc by lithium degradation...

ANTI-COMPLEMENTARY AND MITOGENIC ACTIVITIES OF NEUTRAL OLIGOSACCHARIDE CHAINS DERIVED FROM PG-lc... 

Van Poel, and A. J. Vlietnick. In vitro anti-complementary activity of flavo-noids from olive (Olea europaea) leaves. Pharmazie 1996 51(10) 765-768. OE063... 

Yamade, H., K. S. Ra, H. Kiyohara, J. C. Cyong, H. C. Yang, and Y. Otsuka. 1988. Characterization of anti-complementary neutral polysaccarides from the roots of Bupleurum falcatum. Phytochemistry 27 3163-3168. 

Table 6. Anti-complementary Activity of Soyasaponin I, Kaikasaponin...

Table 7. Anti-complementary Activity of Various Analogs for the...

Various other oleanene glucuronides having a characteristic functional group were also tested and the structure-anti-complementary activity... 

The information that the hydroxy group at C-29 reduced activity was similar to that on the structure-hepatoprotective relationship. In contrast, the sugar moiety in the E-ring enhanced anti-complementary activity. Further, we tested some oleanolic acid-type glucuronic acids. Although bisdesmosidic saponins showed moderate anti-complementary activity, a monodesmosidic saponin (9 4) showed cyototoxicity. 

I express my appreciation to Dr. H. K. Lee of Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology for measurement of anti-complementary activity. I am grateful to Dr. K. Yokomizo and Prof. M. Uyeda in this faculty for measurement of antiherpetic activity. 

As shown in Figure 4, some preparations exhibit mitogenic activity for mouse B lymphocytes, and anti-complementary activity. Adjuvanti-city of preparation 305 has been demonstrated by Yasuda et al. (1982) using a liposomal system. 

Yamada, H., Ra, K.S., Kiyohara, H., Cyong, J.C. and Otsuka, Y. 1989. Structural characterisation of an anti-complementary pectic polysaccharide from the roots of Bupleurum falcatum L., Carbohydr. Res., 189 209-226. 

To expand our understanding of the anti-inflammatory activity of the well-known oleanolic acid isolated from one of its best characterised sources, the seeds of Luffa cylindrica (Cucurbitaceae), a series of experiments were performed to correlate complement activity with the inflammation caused by both carrageenan and Freund s adjuvant, in presence and absence of oleanolic acid and ibuprofen, which were administered at 60 mg/kg i.p. It was concluded that the effect of this triterpenoid must be mediated by its anti-complementary activity 73]. An analogous conclusion was drawn regarding the activity of boswel ic acids in the same tests [74]. 

Another mechanism in which cucurbitacins may be implicated is the inhibition of the complement pathway. The complement system is one of the most relevant mechanisms for the initiation and amplification of the inflammatory process. There are two possible activation routes, the classical and the alternative pathways, and both can be inhibited by picfelterraenin IA, IB, IV, and VI from Picria fel-terrae, Fig. (8). The last compound, however, has shown the highest potency, with inhibitory concentration-50 (IC5o) values of 29 and 21 pM for the classical and alternative pathways, respectively. The relationship between chemical substitution and anti-complementary activity has not as yet been established, but it has been clearly demonstrated that an increase in the number of sugar moieties decreases the activity [56]. 

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